@article{Sondo2021-qe,

title = {Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum parasites and mutations in the resistance genes Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 in Nanoro area, Burkina Faso.},

author = {Paul Sondo and Biebo Bihoun and B\'{e}renger Kabore and Marc Christian Tahita and Karim Derra and Toussaint Rouamba and Seydou Nakanabo Diallo and Adama Kazienga and Hamidou Ilboudo and Innocent Valea and Zekiba Tarnagda and Hermann Sorgho and Thierry Lefevre and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.2021.39.118.26959},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-10},

urldate = {2021-06-10},

journal = {Pan Afr. Med. J.},

volume = {39},

pages = {118},

publisher = {Pan African Medical Journal},

abstract = {Introduction: from a genetic point of view P. falciparumis 

 extremely polymorphic. There is a variety of parasite strains 

 infesting individuals living in malaria endemic areas. The 

 purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between 

 polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum parasites and Pfcrt and 

 Pfmdr1 gene mutations in Nanoro area, Burkina Faso. Methods: 

 blood samples from plasmodium carriers residing in the Nanoro 

 Health District were genotyped using nested PCR. Parasite gene 

 mutations associated with resistance to antimalarial drugs were 

 detected by PCR-RFLP. Results: samples of 672 patients were 

 successfully genotyped. No msp1and msp2allelic families 

 exhibited an increase in developing mutations in resistance 

 genes. However, mutant strains of these genes were present at 

 greater levels in monoclonal infections than in multi-clonal 

 infections. Conclusion: this study provides an overview of the 

 relationship between polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum 

 parasites and mutations in resistance genes. These data will 

 undoubtedly contribute to improving knowledge of the parasite´s 

 biology and its mechanisms of resistance to antimalarial drugs.},

note = {Copyright: Paul Sondo et al.

PMID: 34512854 

PMCID: PMC8396377},

keywords = {Antimalarials/pharmacology, Burkina Faso, Drug Resistance, Falciparum/drug therapy/parasitology, GeneticRestriction Fragment Length, Genotype, Humans, Malaria, Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics, msp1, msp2, Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics, Mutation, Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects/genetics/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Protozoan Proteins/genetics},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Adoke2021-el,

title = {A randomized, double-blind, phase 2b study to investigate the  efficacy, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a  single-dose regimen of ferroquine with artefenomel in adults and  children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria},

author = {Yeka Adoke and Rella Zoleko-Manego and Serge Ouoba and Alfred B Tiono and Grace Kaguthi and Juv^encio Eduardo Bonzela and Tran Thanh Duong and Alain Nahum and Marielle Bouyou-Akotet and Bernhards Ogutu and Alphonse Ouedraogo and Fiona Macintyre and Andreas Jessel and Bart Laurijssens and Mohammed H Cherkaoui-Rbati and Cathy Cantalloube and Anne Claire Marrast and Rapha"el Bejuit and David White and Timothy N C Wells and Florian Wartha and Didier Leroy and Afizi Kibuuka and Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma and Daouda Ouattara and Ir`ene Mugenya and Bui Quang Phuc and Francis Bohissou and Denise P Mawili-Mboumba and Fredrick Olewe and Issiaka Soulama and Halidou Tinto and FALCI Study Group},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03749-4},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-19},

urldate = {2021-05-19},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {222},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: For uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, 

 highly efficacious single-dose treatments are expected to 

 increase compliance and improve treatment outcomes, and thereby 

 may slow the development of resistance. The efficacy and safety 

 of a single-dose combination of artefenomel (800 mg) plus 

 ferroquine (400/600/900/1200 mg doses) for the treatment of 

 uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were evaluated in Africa 

 (focusing on children $\leq$ 5 years) and Asia. METHODS: The 

 study was a randomized, double-blind, single-dose, multi-arm 

 clinical trial in patients aged \> 6 months to 5 years and 20 

 Asian patients. None of the treatment arms met the target 

 efficacy criterion for PCR-adjusted ACPR at Day 28 (lower limit 

 of 95% confidence interval [CI] \> 90%). PCR-adjusted ACPR at 

 Day 28 [95% CI] in the PP Set ranged from 78.4% [64.7; 88.7%] 

 to 91.7% [81.6; 97.2%] for the 400 mg to 1200 mg ferroquine 

 dose. Efficacy rates were low in Vietnamese patients, ranging 

 from 20 to 40%. A clear relationship was found between drug 

 exposure (artefenomel and ferroquine concentrations at Day 7) 

 and efficacy (primary endpoint), with higher concentrations of 

 both drugs resulting in higher efficacy. Six distinct kelch-13 

 mutations were detected in parasite isolates from 10/272 African 

 patients (with 2 mutations known to be associated with 

 artemisinin resistance) and 18/20 Asian patients (all C580Y 

 mutation). Vomiting within 6 h of initial artefenomel 

 administration was common (24.6%) and associated with lower 

 drug exposures. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of 

 artefenomel/ferroquine combination was suboptimal in African 

 children aged $\leq$ 5 years, the population of interest, and 

 vomiting most likely had a negative impact on efficacy. Trial 

 registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02497612. Registered 14 Jul 

 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02497612?term=NCT02497612\&draw=2\&rank=1.},

note = {PMID: 34011358 

PMCID: PMC8135182},

keywords = {Adamantane/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aminoquinolines/administration \& dosage, Benin, Burkina Faso, C580Y, Child, Combination treatment, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Exposure\textendashresponse, Falciparum/prevention \& control, Female, Ferroquine, Ferrous Compounds/administration \& dosage, Gabon, Humans, Infant, Kelch-13 mutation, Kenya, Malaria, Male, Metallocenes/administration \& dosage, Middle Aged, Mozambique, Parasite clearance, Peroxides/administration \& dosage, Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects, Preschool, resistance, Uganda, Vietnam, Vomiting, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Datoo2021-dk,

title = {Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in  adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in  Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial},

author = {Mehreen S Datoo and Magloire H Natama and Athanase Som\'{e} and Ousmane Traor\'{e} and Toussaint Rouamba and Duncan Bellamy and Prisca Yameogo and Daniel Valia and Moubarak Tegneri and Florence Ouedraogo and Rachidatou Soma and Seydou Sawadogo and Faizatou Sorgho and Karim Derra and Eli Rouamba and Benedict Orindi and Fernando Ramos Lopez and Amy Flaxman and Federica Cappuccini and Reshma Kailath and Sean Elias and Ekta Mukhopadhyay and Andres Noe and Matthew Cairns and Alison Lawrie and Rachel Roberts and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Hermann Sorgho and Nicola Williams and Gregory Glenn and Louis Fries and Jenny Reimer and Katie J Ewer and Umesh Shaligram and Adrian V S Hill and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00943-0},

issn = {1474-547X 0140-6736},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-15},

urldate = {2021-05-15},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {397},

number = {10287},

pages = {1809--1818},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Stalled progress in controlling Plasmodium 

 falciparum malaria highlights the need for an effective and 

 deployable vaccine. RTS,S/AS01, the most effective malaria 

 vaccine candidate to date, demonstrated 56% efficacy over 12 

 months in African children. We therefore assessed a new 

 candidate vaccine for safety and efficacy. METHODS: In this 

 double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2b trial, the 

 low-dose circumsporozoite protein-based vaccine R21, with two 

 different doses of adjuvant Matrix-M (MM), was given to children 

 aged 5-17 months in Nanoro, Burkina Faso-a highly seasonal 

 malaria transmission setting. Three vaccinations were 

 administered at 4-week intervals before the malaria season, with 

 a fourth dose 1 year later. All vaccines were administered 

 intramuscularly into the thigh. Group 1 received 5 $mu$g R21 

 plus 25 $mu$g MM, group 2 received 5 $mu$g R21 plus 50 $mu$g 

 MM, and group 3, the control group, received rabies 

 vaccinations. Children were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to groups 

 1-3. An independent statistician generated a random allocation 

 list, using block randomisation with variable block sizes, which 

 was used to assign participants. Participants, their families, 

 and the local study team were all masked to group allocation. 

 Only the pharmacists preparing the vaccine were unmasked to 

 group allocation. Vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy 

 were evaluated over 1 year. The primary objective assessed 

 protective efficacy of R21 plus MM (R21/MM) from 14 days after 

 the third vaccination to 6 months. Primary analyses of vaccine 

 efficacy were based on a modified intention-to-treat population, 

 which included all participants who received three vaccinations, 

 allowing for inclusion of participants who received the wrong 

 vaccine at any timepoint. This trial is registered with 

 ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03896724. FINDINGS: From May 7 to June 

 13, 2019, 498 children aged 5-17 months were screened, and 48 

 were excluded. 450 children were enrolled and received at least 

 one vaccination. 150 children were allocated to group 1, 150 

 children were allocated to group 2, and 150 children were 

 allocated to group 3. The final vaccination of the primary 

 series was administered on Aug 7, 2019. R21/MM had a favourable 

 safety profile and was well tolerated. The majority of adverse 

 events were mild, with the most common event being fever. None 

 of the seven serious adverse events were attributed to the 

 vaccine. At the 6-month primary efficacy analysis, 43 (29%) of 

 146 participants in group 1, 38 (26%) of 146 participants in 

 group 2, and 105 (71%) of 147 participants in group 3 developed 

 clinical malaria. Vaccine efficacy was 74% (95% CI 63-82) in 

 group 1 and 77% (67-84) in group 2 at 6 months. At 1 year, 

 vaccine efficacy remained high, at 77% (67-84) in group 1. 

 Participants vaccinated with R21/MM showed high titres of 

 malaria-specific anti-Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro (NANP) antibodies 28 days 

 after the third vaccination, which were almost doubled with the 

 higher adjuvant dose. Titres waned but were boosted to levels 

 similar to peak titres after the primary series of vaccinations 

 after a fourth dose administered 1 year later. INTERPRETATION: 

 R21/MM appears safe and very immunogenic in African children, 

 and shows promising high-level efficacy. FUNDING: The European 

 \& Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, Wellcome 

 Trust, and National Institute for Health Research Oxford 

 Biomedical Research Centre.},

note = {Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights  reserved.

PMID: 33964223 

PMCID: PMC8121760},

keywords = {Adjuvants, Burkina Faso, Double-Blind Method, Falciparum/prevention \& control, Female, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Humans, Immunogenicity, Immunologic/administration \& dosage, Infant, Malaria, Malaria Vaccines/therapeutic use, Malaria/prevention \& control, Male, Nanoparticles/administration \& dosage, Proportional Hazards Models, Protozoan Proteins/immunology, Saponins/administration \& dosage, Treatment Outcome, Vaccine, Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/therapeutic use},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gies2021-aw,

title = {Risk of malaria in young children after periconceptional iron  supplementation},

author = {Sabine Gies and Stephen A Roberts and Salou Diallo and Olga M Lompo and Halidou Tinto and Bernard J Brabin},

doi = {10.1111/mcn.13106},

issn = {1740-8709 1740-8695},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-04-01},

urldate = {2021-04-01},

journal = {Matern. Child Nutr.},

volume = {17},

number = {2},

pages = {e13106},

publisher = {Wiley},

abstract = {This study in Burkina Faso investigated whether offspring of young mothers who had received weekly periconceptional iron supplementation in a randomised controlled  trial were at increased risk of malaria. A child safety survey was undertaken in the  peak month of malaria transmission towards the end of the trial to assess child iron  biomarkers, nutritional status, anaemia and malaria outcomes. Antenatal iron  biomarkers, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction and placental pathology for  malaria and chorioamnionitis were assessed. Data were available for 180 babies  surviving to the time of the survey when their median age was 9 months. Prevalence  of maternal iron deficiency in the last trimester based on low body iron stores was  16%. Prevalence of active placental malaria infection was 24.8%, past infection 59%  and chorioamnionitis 55.6%. Babies of iron supplemented women had lower median  gestational age. Four out of five children ≥ 6 months were iron deficient, and 98%  were anaemic. At 4 months malaria prevalence was 45%. Child iron biomarkers, anaemia  and malaria outcomes did not differ by trial arm. Factors associated with childhood  parasitaemia were third trimester C-reactive protein level (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.1-3.9),  active placental malaria (OR 5.8; 1.0-32.5, P = 0.042) and child body iron stores  (OR 1.13; 1.04-1.23, P = 0.002). Chorioamnionitis was associated with reduced risk  of child parasitaemia (OR 0.4; 0.1-1.0, P = 0.038). Periconceptional iron  supplementation of young women did not alter body iron stores of their children.  Higher child body iron stores and placental malaria increased risk of childhood  parasitaemia.},

note = {© 2020 The Authors. Maternal \& Child Nutrition published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.

PMID: 33236840 

PMCID: PMC7988873},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, child iron, Dietary Supplements/analysis, Female, Folic Acid, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Newborn, periconceptional, placenta, Pregnancy, Premature Birth, Preschool},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Post2021-zl,

title = {Infection Manager System (IMS) as a new hemocytometry-based  bacteremia detection tool: A diagnostic accuracy study in a  malaria-endemic area of Burkina Faso},

author = {Annelies Post and Berenger Kabor\'{e} and Joel Bognini and Salou Diallo and Palpouguini Lompo and Basile Kam and Natacha Herssens and Fred Opzeeland and Christa E Gaast-de Jongh and Jeroen D Langereis and Marien I Jonge and Janette Rahamat-Langendoen and Teun Bousema and Heiman Wertheim and Robert W Sauerwein and Halidou Tinto and Jan Jacobs and Quirijn Mast and Andre J Ven},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0009187},

issn = {1935-2735 1935-2727},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-01},

urldate = {2021-03-01},

journal = {PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.},

volume = {15},

number = {3},

pages = {e0009187},

publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: New hemocytometric parameters can be used to 

 differentiate causes of acute febrile illness (AFI). We 

 evaluated a software algorithm-Infection Manager System 

 (IMS)-which uses hemocytometric data generated by Sysmex 

 hematology analyzers, for its accuracy to detect bacteremia in 

 AFI patients with and without malaria in Burkina Faso. Secondary 

 aims included comparing the accuracy of IMS with C-reactive 

 protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). METHODS: In a prospective 

 observational study, patients of $geq$ three-month-old (range 3 

 months- 90 years) presenting with AFI were enrolled. IMS, blood 

 culture and malaria diagnostics were done upon inclusion and 

 additional diagnostics on clinical indication. CRP, PCT, viral 

 multiplex PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs and bacterial- and malaria 

 PCR were batch-tested retrospectively. Diagnostic classification 

 was done retrospectively using all available data except IMS, 

 CRP and PCT results. FINDINGS: A diagnosis was affirmed in 549/914 (60.1%) patients and included malaria (n = 191) bacteremia (n = 69), viral infections (n = 145), and malaria-bacteremia co-infections (n = 47). The overall 

 sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 

 IMS for detection of bacteremia in patients of $geq$ 5 years 

 were 97.0% (95% CI: 89.8-99.6), 68.2% (95% CI: 55.6-79.1) 

 and 95.7% (95% CI: 85.5-99.5) respectively, compared to 93.9% 

 (95% CI: 85.2-98.3), 39.4% (95% CI: 27.6-52.2), and 86.7% 

 (95% CI: 69.3-96.2) for CRP at $geq$20mg/L. The sensitivity, 

 specificity and NPV of PCT at 0.5 ng/ml were lower at 

 respectively 72.7% (95% CI: 60.4-83.0), 50.0% (95% CI: 

 37.4-62.6) and 64.7% (95% CI: 50.1-77.6) The diagnostic 

 accuracy of IMS was lower among malaria cases and patients \<5 

 years but remained equal to- or higher than the accuracy of CRP. 

 INTERPRETATION: IMS is a new diagnostic tool to differentiate 

 causes of AFI. Its high NPV for bacteremia has the potential to 

 improve antibiotic dispensing practices in healthcare facilities 

 with hematology analyzers. Future studies are needed to evaluate 

 whether IMS, combined with malaria diagnostics, may be used to 

 rationalize antimicrobial prescription in malaria endemic areas. 

 TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02669823) 

 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02669823.},

note = {PMID: 33647009 

PMCID: PMC7951874},

keywords = {Adolescent, Automation, Bacteremia/diagnosis, Burkina Faso, C-Reactive Protein/analysis, Child, Coinfection/diagnosis/microbiology/parasitology, Female, Fever of Unknown Origin/diagnosis, Humans, Infant, Laboratory/methods, Malaria/diagnosis, Male, Preschool, Procalcitonin/analysis, Prospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Software, Virus Diseases/diagnosis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lompo2021-sk,

title = {Pathogens associated with acute diarrhea, and comorbidity with  malaria among children under five years old in rural Burkina  Faso},

author = {Palpouguini Lompo and Marc Christian Tahita and Hermann Sorgho and William Kabor\'{e} and Adama Kazienga and Ashmed Cheick Bachirou Nana and Hamtandi Magloire Natama and Isidore Juste Ouindgueta Bonkoungou and Nicolas Barro and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.2021.38.259.15864},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-01},

urldate = {2021-03-01},

journal = {Pan Afr. Med. J.},

volume = {38},

pages = {259},

publisher = {Pan African Medical Journal},

abstract = {INTRODUCTION: acute diarrhea in children under five years is a public health problem in developing countries and particularly in malaria-endemic areas where both  diseases co-exist. The present study examined the etiology of childhood diarrhea and  its comorbidity with malaria in a rural area of Burkina Faso. 

METHODS: conventional  culture techniques, direct stools examination, and viruses´ detection by rapid tests  were performed on the fresh stools and microscopy was used to diagnose malaria. Some  risk factors were also assessed. RESULTS: on a total of 191 samples collected, at  least one pathogen was identified in 89 cases (46.6%). The proportions of pathogens  found on the 89 positive stool samples were parasites 51.69% (46 cases), viruses  39.33% (35 cases), and bacteria 14.61% (13 cases), respectively. The relationship  between malaria and infectious diarrhea was significant in viral and parasites  causes (p=0.005 and 0.043 respectively). Fever, vomiting and abdominal pain were the  major symptoms associated with diarrhea, with 71.51%, 31.72% and 23.66%  respectively. The highest viral diarrhea prevalence was reported during the dry  season (OR=5.29, 95% CI: 1.74 - 16.07, p=0.001) while parasite diarrhea was more  encountered during the rainy season (OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.33 - 0.87, p=0.011).  CONCLUSION: Giardia spp and rotavirus were the leading cause of acute diarrhea in  Nanoro, Burkina Faso with a predominance of rotavirus in children less than 2 years.  Parasite and viral diarrhea were the most pathogens associated with malaria.  However, the high rate of negative stool samples suggests the need to determine  other enteric microorganisms.},

note = {Copyright: Palpouguini Lompo et al.

PMID: 34104307 

PMCID: PMC8164431},

keywords = {Abdominal Pain/epidemiology, Acute Disease, bacteria, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Comorbidity, Diarrhea, Diarrhea/epidemiology/microbiology, Female, Fever/epidemiology, Giardiasis/epidemiology, Humans, Infant, infectious, Malaria, Malaria/epidemiology, Male, parasite, pathogens, Preschool, Prevalence, Risk Factors, rotavirus, Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology, Rural Population, Seasons, Vomiting/epidemiology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Natama2021-ft,

title = {Genetic variation in the immune system and malaria  susceptibility in infants: a nested case-control study in  Nanoro, Burkina Faso},

author = {Hamatandi Magloire Natama and Eduard Rovira-Vallbona and Meryam Krit and Pieter Guetens and Hermann Sorgho and M Athanase Som\'{e} and Maminata Traor\'{e}-Coulibaly and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Petra F Mens and Henk D F H Schallig and Dirk Berkvens and Luc Kestens and Halidou Tinto and Anna Rosanas-Urgell},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03628-y},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-02-16},

urldate = {2021-02-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {94},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Genetic polymorphisms in the human immune system 

 modulate susceptibility to malaria. However, there is a paucity 

 of data on the contribution of immunogenetic variants to malaria 

 susceptibility in infants, who present differential biological 

 features related to the immaturity of their adaptive immune 

 system, the protective effect of maternal antibodies and fetal 

 haemoglobin. This study investigated the association between 

 genetic variation in innate immune response genes and malaria 

 susceptibility during the first year of life in 656 infants from 

 a birth cohort survey performed in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. 

 METHODS: Seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 11 

 genes of the immune system previously associated with different 

 malaria phenotypes were genotyped using TaqMan allelic 

 hybridization assays in a Fluidigm platform. Plasmodium 

 falciparum infection and clinical disease were documented by 

 active and passive case detection. Case-control association 

 analyses for both alleles and genotypes were carried out using 

 univariate and multivariate logistic regression. For cytokines 

 showing significant SNP associations in multivariate analyses, 

 cord blood supernatant concentrations were measured by 

 quantitative suspension array technology (Luminex). RESULTS: 

 Genetic variants in IL-1$beta$ (rs1143634) and 

 Fc$gamma$RIIA/CD32 (rs1801274)-both in allelic, dominant and 

 co-dominant models-were significantly associated with protection 

 from both P. falciparum infection and clinical malaria. 

 Furthermore, heterozygote individuals with rs1801274 SNP in 

 Fc$gamma$RIIA/CD32 showed higher IL-1RA levels compared to wild-type homozygotes (P = 0.024), a cytokine whose production 

 is promoted by the binding of IgG immune complexes to Fc$gamma$ 

 receptors on effector immune cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings 

 indicate that genetic polymorphisms in genes driving innate 

 immune responses are associated to malaria susceptibility during 

 the first year of life, possibly by modulating production of 

 inflammatory mediators.},

note = {PMID: 33593344 

PMCID: PMC7885350},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, Case-Control Studies, Cytokines, Falciparum/parasitology, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics, Humans, Immunity, Immunogenetic variants, Infant, Innate immunity, Innate/genetics, Malaria, Male, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum/physiology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gansane2021-yh,

title = {Anti-malarial efficacy and resistance monitoring of  artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine shows  inadequate efficacy in children in Burkina Faso, 2017-2018},

author = {Adama Gansan\'{e} and Leah F Moriarty and Didier M\'{e}nard and Isidore Yerbanga and Esperance Ouedraogo and Paul Sondo and Rene Kinda and Casimir Tarama and Edwige Soulama and Madou Tapsoba and David Kangoye and Cheick Said Compaore and Ousmane Badolo and Blami Dao and Samuel Tchwenko and Halidou Tinto and Innocent Valea},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03585-6},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-19},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {48},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends regularly 

 assessing the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy 

 (ACT), which is a critical tool in the fight against malaria. 

 This study evaluated the efficacy of two artemisinin-based 

 combinations recommended to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium 

 falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso in three sites: Niangoloko, 

 Nanoro, and Gourcy. METHODS: This was a two-arm randomized 

 control trial of the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) 

 and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP). Children aged 6-59 

 months old were monitored for 42 days. The primary outcomes of 

 the study were uncorrected and PCR-corrected efficacies to day 

 28 for AL and 42 for DP. Molecular markers of resistance to 

 artemisinin derivatives and partner drugs were also analysed. 

 RESULTS: Of 720 children enrolled, 672 reached study endpoints 

 at day 28, 333 in the AL arm and 339 in the DP arm. 

 PCR-corrected 28-day per protocol efficacy in the AL arm was 

 74% (64-83%) in Nanoro, 76% (66-83%) in Gourcy, and 92% 

 (84-96%) in Niangoloko. The PCR-corrected 42-day per protocol 

 efficacy in the DP arm was 84% (75-89%) in Gourcy, 89% 

 (81-94%) in Nanoro, and 97% (92-99%) in Niangoloko. No Pfk13 

 mutation previously associated with artemisinin-resistance was 

 observed. No statistically significant association was found 

 between treatment outcome and presence of the 86Y mutation in 

 the Pfmdr1 gene. There was also no association observed between 

 treatment outcome and Pfpm2 or Pfmdr1 copy number variation. 

 CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate evidence of 

 inadequate efficacy of AL at day 28 and DP at day 42 in the same 

 two sites. A change of first-line ACT may be warranted in 

 Burkina Faso. Trial Registry Pan African Clinical Trial Registry 

 Identifier: PACTR201708002499311. Date of registration: 8/3/2017 

 https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/Search.aspx.},

keywords = {Antimalarial, Antimalarials/pharmacology, Artemether, Artemether-lumefantrine, Artemisinins/pharmacology, Burkina Faso, Child, Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, Drug Resistance, Efficacy, Falciparum/drug therapy, Female, Lumefantrine Drug Combination/pharmacology, Malaria, Male, Plasmodium falciparum, Preschool, Quinolines/pharmacology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ouedraogo2020-vc,

title = {A microplanning model to improve door-to-door health service  delivery: the case of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention in  Sub-Saharan African villages},

author = {Andr\'{e} Lin Ou\'{e}draogo and Julie Zhang and Halidou Tinto and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Edward A Wenger},

doi = {10.1186/s12913-020-05972-2},

issn = {1472-6963},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-07},

urldate = {2020-12-01},

journal = {BMC Health Serv. Res.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {1128},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria incidence has plateaued in Sub-Saharan 

 Africa despite Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention's (SMC) 

 introduction. Community health workers (CHW) use a door-to-door 

 delivery strategy to treat children with SMC drugs, but for SMC 

 to be as effective as in clinical trials, coverage must be high 

 over successive seasons. METHODS: We developed and used a 

 microplanning model that utilizes population raster to estimate 

 population size, generates optimal households visit itinerary, 

 and quantifies SMC coverage based on CHWs' time investment for 

 treatment and walking. CHWs' performance under current SMC 

 deployment mode was assessed using CHWs' tracking data and 

 compared to microplanning in villages with varying demographics 

 and geographies. RESULTS: Estimates showed that microplanning 

 significantly reduces CHWs' walking distance by 25%, increases 

 the number of visited households by 36% (p \< 0.001) and 

 increases SMC coverage by 21% from 37.3% under current SMC 

 deployment mode up to 58.3% under microplanning (p \< 0.001). 

 Optimal visit itinerary alone increased SMC coverage up to 100% 

 in small villages whereas in larger or hard-to-reach villages, 

 filling the gap additionally needed an optimization of the CHW 

 ratio. CONCLUSION: We estimate that for a pair of CHWs, the 

 daily optimal number of visited children (assuming 8.5mn spent 

 per child) and walking distance should not exceed 45 (95% CI 

 27-62) and 5 km (95% CI 3.2-6.2) respectively. Our work 

 contributes to extend SMC coverage by 21-63% and may have 

 broader applicability for other community health programs.},

note = {PMID: 33287825 

PMCID: PMC7720067},

keywords = {Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology, Antimalarials/therapeutic use, Burkina Faso, Chemoprevention, Child, CHW, Community health worker, Door-to-door, Health Services, Humans, Malaria, Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Microplanning, Model, Satellite imagerySeasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons, SMC},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Skrip2020-fq,

title = {Clinical management and mortality among COVID-19 cases in  sub-Saharan Africa: A retrospective study from Burkina Faso and  simulated case analysis},

author = {Laura Skrip and Karim Derra and Mikaila Kabor\'{e} and Navideh Noori and Adama Gansan\'{e} and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Halidou Tinto and Bicaba W Brice and Mollie Van Gordon and Brittany Hagedorn and Herv\'{e} Hien and Benjamin M Althouse and Edward A Wenger and Andr\'{e} Lin Ou\'{e}draogo},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1432},

issn = {1878-3511 1201-9712},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-01},

urldate = {2020-12-01},

journal = {Int. J. Infect. Dis.},

volume = {101},

pages = {194--200},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Absolute numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths 

 reported to date in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region have 

 been significantly lower than those across the Americas, Asia 

 and Europe. As a result, there has been limited information 

 about the demographic and clinical characteristics of deceased 

 cases in the region, as well as the impacts of different case 

 management strategies. METHODS: Data from deceased cases 

 reported across SSA through 10 May 2020 and from hospitalized 

 cases in Burkina Faso through 15 April 2020 were analyzed. 

 Demographic, epidemiological and clinical information on 

 deceased cases in SSA was derived through a line-list of 

 publicly available information and, for cases in Burkina Faso, 

 from aggregate records at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire 

 de Tengandogo in Ouagadougou. A synthetic case population was 

 probabilistically derived using distributions of age, sex and 

 underlying conditions from populations of West African countries 

 to assess individual risk factors and treatment effect sizes. 

 Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the 

 adjusted odds of survival for patients receiving oxygen therapy 

 or convalescent plasma, based on therapeutic effectiveness 

 observed for other respiratory illnesses. RESULTS: Across SSA, 

 deceased cases for which demographic data were available were 

 predominantly male (63/103, 61.2%) and aged \>50 years (59/75, 

 78.7%). In Burkina Faso, specifically, the majority of deceased 

 cases either did not seek care at all or were hospitalized for a 

 single day (59.4%, 19/32). Hypertension and diabetes were often 

 reported as underlying conditions. After adjustment for sex, age 

 and underlying conditions in the synthetic case population, the 

 odds of mortality for cases not receiving oxygen therapy were 

 significantly higher than for those receiving oxygen, such as 

 due to disruptions to standard care (OR 2.07; 95% CI 

 1.56-2.75). Cases receiving convalescent plasma had 50% reduced 

 odds of mortality than those who did not (95% CI 0.24-0.93). 

 CONCLUSIONS: Investment in sustainable production and 

 maintenance of supplies for oxygen therapy, along with messaging 

 around early and appropriate use for healthcare providers, 

 caregivers and patients could reduce COVID-19 deaths in SSA. 

 Further investigation into convalescent plasma is warranted 

 until data on its effectiveness specifically in treating 

 COVID-19 becomes available. The success of supportive or 

 curative clinical interventions will depend on earlier treatment 

 seeking, such that community engagement and risk communication 

 will be critical components of the response.},

note = {Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

PMID: 32987177 

PMCID: PMC7518969},

keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Africa South of the Sahara, Aged, Antiviral Agents/administration \& dosage, Asia/epidemiology, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infection: convalescent plasma, COVID-19/drug therapy/epidemiology/mortality/therapy, Europe/epidemiology, Female, Health systems strengthening, Humans, Immunization, Infant, Male, Mortality, Oxygen therapy, Pandemics, Passive, Preschool, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/physiology, sub-Saharan Africa, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}