Publications

@article{nokey,

title = {Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of C\^{o}te d'Ivoire.},

author = {Barkissa M\'{e}lika Traor\'{e} and Mathurin Koffi and Martial Kassi N'Djetchi and Dramane Kaba and Jacques Kabor\'{e} and Hamidou Ilboudo and Bernadin Ahouty Ahouty and Minay\'{e}gninrin Kon\'{e} and Bamoro Coulibaly and Thomas Konan and Adeline Segard and Lingu\'{e} Kouakou and Thierry De Mee\^{u}s and Sophie Ravel and Philippe Solano and Jean-Mathieu Bart and Vincent Jamonneau},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0010036},

issn = {1935-2735 1935-2727},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-01},

urldate = {2021-12-01},

journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases},

volume = {15},

issue = {12},

pages = {e0010036},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense), the agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), may compromise the interruption of transmission targeted by World Health Organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of trypanosomes in pigs and people in the Vavoua HAT historical focus where cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010's. METHODS: For the human survey, we used the CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique and immune trypanolysis tests. For the animal survey, the buffy coat technique was also used as well as the PCR using Trypanosoma species specific, including the T. b. gambiense TgsGP detection using single round and nested PCRs, performed from animal blood samples and from strains isolated from subjects positive for parasitological investigations. RESULTS: No HAT cases were detected among 345 people tested. A total of 167 pigs were investigated. Free-ranging pigs appeared significantly more infected than pigs in pen. Over 70% of free-ranging pigs were positive for CATT and parasitological investigations and 27-43% were positive to trypanolysis depending on the antigen used. T. brucei was the most prevalent species (57%) followed by T. congolense (24%). Blood sample extracted DNA of T. brucei positive subjects were negative to single round TgsGP PCR. However, 1/22 and 6/22 isolated strains were positive with single round and nested TgsGP PCRs, respectively. DISCUSSION: Free-ranging pigs were identified as a multi-reservoir of T. brucei and/or T. congolense with mixed infections of different strains. This trypanosome diversity hinders the easy and direct detection of T. b. gambiense. We highlight the lack of tools to prove or exclude with certainty the presence of T. b. gambiense. This study once more highlights the need of technical improvements to explore the role of animals in the epidemiology of HAT.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lingani2021-is,

title = {Malaria and curable sexually transmitted and reproductive tract  coinfection among pregnant women in rural Burkina Faso},

author = {Moussa Lingani and Serge H Zango and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Massa Dit A Bonko and S\'{e}kou O Samadoulougou and Toussaint Rouamba and Marc C Tahita and Ma"imouna Sanou and Annie Robert and Halidou Tinto and Philippe Donnen and Mich`ele Dramaix},

doi = {10.1186/s41182-021-00381-5},

issn = {1348-8945 1349-4147},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-01},

urldate = {2021-11-01},

journal = {Trop. Med. Health},

volume = {49},

number = {1},

pages = {90},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria and sexually transmitted/reproductive tract 

 infections (STI/RTI) are leading and preventable causes of low 

 birthweight in sub-Saharan Africa. Reducing their impact on 

 pregnancy outcomes requires efficient interventions that can be 

 easily integrated into the antenatal care package. The paucity 

 of data on malaria and STI/RTI coinfection, however, limits 

 efforts to control these infections. This study aimed to 

 determine the prevalence and associated factors of malaria and 

 STI/RTI coinfection among pregnant women in rural Burkina Faso. 

 METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 402 

 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at the Yako health 

 district. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were collected, 

 and pregnant women were tested for peripheral malaria by 

 microscopy. Hemoglobin levels were also measured by 

 spectrophotometry and curable bacterial STI/RTI were tested on 

 cervico-vaginal swabs using rapid diagnostic test for chlamydia 

 and syphilis, and Gram staining for bacterial vaginosis. A 

 multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the 

 association of malaria and STI/RTI coinfection with the 

 characteristics of included pregnant women. RESULTS: The 

 prevalence of malaria and at least one STI/RTI coinfection was 

 12.9% (95% confidence interval, CI: [9.8-16.7]), malaria and 

 bacterial vaginosis coinfection was 12.2% (95% CI: 

 [9.3-15.9]), malaria and chlamydial coinfection was 1.6% (95% 

 CI: [0.6-3.8]). No coinfection was reported for malaria and 

 syphilis. The individual prevalence was 17.2%, 7.2%, 0.6%, 

 67.7% and 73.3%, respectively, for malaria infection, 

 chlamydia, syphilis, bacterial vaginosis and STI/RTI 

 combination. Only 10% of coinfections were symptomatic, and 

 thus, 90% of women with coinfection would have been missed by 

 the symptoms-based diagnostic approach. In the multivariate analysis, the first pregnancy (aOR = 2.4 [95% CI: 1.2-4.7]) was 

 the only factor significantly associated with malaria and 

 STI/RTI coinfection. Clinical symptoms were not associated with 

 malaria and STI/RTI coinfection. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of 

 malaria and curable STI/RTI coinfection was high among pregnant 

 women. The poor performance of the clinical symptoms to predict 

 coinfection suggests that alternative interventions are needed.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34736524 

PMCID: PMC8567650},

keywords = {Bacterial vaginosis, Burkina Faso, Chlamydia, Coinfection, Malaria, Pregnancy, Syphilis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ouoba2021-ug,

title = {Epidemiologic profile of hepatitis C virus infection and  genotype distribution in Burkina Faso: a systematic review with  meta-analysis},

author = {Serge Ouoba and Jean Claude Romaric Pingdwinde Ouedraogo and Moussa Lingani and Bunthen E and Md Razeen Ashraf Hussain and Ko Ko and Shintaro Nagashima and Aya Sugiyama and Tomoyuki Akita and Halidou Tinto and Junko Tanaka},

doi = {10.1186/s12879-021-06817-x},

issn = {1471-2334},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-01},

urldate = {2021-11-01},

journal = {BMC Infect. Dis.},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {1126},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Detailed characteristics of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 

 infection in Burkina Faso are scarce. The main aim of this study 

 was to assess HCV seroprevalence in various settings and 

 populations at risk in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2020. 

 Secondary objectives included the prevalence of HCV Ribonucleic 

 acid (RNA) and the distribution of HCV genotypes. METHODS: A 

 systematic database search, supplemented by a manual search, was 

 conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and African Index 

 Medicus. Studies reporting HCV seroprevalence data in low and 

 high-risk populations in Burkina Faso were included, and a 

 random-effects meta-analysis was applied. Risk of bias was 

 assessed using the Joanna Briggs institute checklist. RESULTS: 

 Low-risk populations were examined in 31 studies involving a 

 total of 168,151 subjects, of whom 8330 were positive for HCV 

 antibodies. Six studies included a total of 1484 high-risk 

 persons, and 96 had antibodies to HCV. The pooled seroprevalence 

 in low-risk populations was 3.72% (95% CI: 3.20-4.28) and 

 4.75% (95% CI: 1.79-8.94) in high-risk groups. A 

 non-significant decreasing trend was observed over the study 

 period. Seven studies tested HCV RNA in a total of 4759 

 individuals at low risk for HCV infection, and 81 were positive. 

 The meta-analysis of HCV RNA yielded a pooled prevalence of 

 1.65% (95% CI: 0.74-2.89%) in low-risk populations, which is 

 assumed to be indicative of HCV prevalence in the general 

 population of Burkina Faso and suggests that about 301,174 

 people are active HCV carriers in the country. Genotypes 2 and 1 

 were the most frequent, with 60.3% and 25.0%, respectively. 

 CONCLUSIONS: HCV seroprevalence is intermediate in Burkina Faso 

 and indicates the need to implement effective control 

 strategies. There is a paucity of data at the national level and 

 for rural and high-risk populations. General population 

 screening and linkage to care are recommended, with special 

 attention to rural and high-risk populations.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34724902 

PMCID: PMC8561994},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Genotype, Hepacivirus/genetics, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/epidemiology, Humans, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Seroprevalence, Systematic review},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dal-Re2021-mr,

title = {Ongoing and future COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials: challenges  and opportunities},

author = {Rafael Dal-R\'{e} and Linda-Gail Bekker and Christian Gluud and S\oren Holm and Vivekanand Jha and Gregory A Poland and Frits R Rosendaal and Brigitte Schwarzer-Daum and Esperanc ca Sevene and Halidou Tinto and Teck Chuan Voo and Nadarajah Sreeharan},

doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00263-2},

issn = {1474-4457 1473-3099},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-01},

urldate = {2021-11-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect. Dis.},

volume = {21},

number = {11},

pages = {e342--e347},

abstract = {Large-scale deployment of COVID-19 vaccines will seriously affect 

 the ongoing phases 2 and 3 randomised placebo-controlled trials 

 assessing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. The effect will be 

 particularly acute in high-income countries where the entire 

 adult or older population could be vaccinated by late 2021. 

 Regrettably, only a small proportion of the population in many 

 low-income and middle-income countries will have access to 

 available vaccines. Sponsors of COVID-19 vaccine candidates 

 currently in phase 2 or initiating phase 3 trials in 2021 should 

 consider continuing the research in countries with limited 

 affordability and availability of COVID-19 vaccines. Several 

 ethical principles must be implemented to ensure the equitable, 

 non-exploitative, and respectful conduct of trials in 

 resource-poor settings. Once sufficient knowledge on the 

 immunogenicity response to COVID-19 vaccines is acquired, 

 non-inferiority immunogenicity trials-comparing the immune 

 response of a vaccine candidate to that of an authorised 

 vaccine-would probably be the most common trial design. Until 

 then, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trials will 

 continue to play a role in the development of new vaccine 

 candidates. WHO or the Council for International Organizations of 

 Medical Sciences should define an ethical framework for the 

 requirements and benefits for trial participants and host 

 communities in resource-poor settings that should require 

 commitment from all vaccine candidate sponsors from high-income 

 countries.},

note = {Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PMID: 34019801 

PMCID: PMC8131060},

keywords = {Clinical Trials as Topic, COVID-19 Vaccines/administration \& dosage/immunology, COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/prevention \& control/virology, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Immunogenicity, Pandemics/prevention \& control, SARS-CoV-2/immunology, Vaccine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lingani2021-ae,

title = {Magnitude of low birthweight in malaria endemic settings of  Nanoro, rural Burkina Faso: a secondary data analysis},

author = {Moussa Lingani and Serge H Zango and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Daniel Valia and Ma"imouna Sanou and S\'{e}kou O Samandoulougou and Annie Robert and Halidou Tinto and Mich`ele Dramaix and Philippe Donnen},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-00881-8},

issn = {2045-2322},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-29},

urldate = {2021-10-01},

journal = {Sci. Rep.},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

pages = {21332},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Low birthweight (LBW) is a worldwide problem that particularly 

 affects developing countries. However, limited information is 

 available on its magnitude in rural area of Burkina Faso. This 

 study aimed to estimate the prevalence of low birthweight and to 

 identify its associated factors in Nanoro health district. A 

 secondary analysis of data collected during a cross-sectional 

 survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of low birthweight 

 in Nanoro health and demographic surveillance system area 

 (HDSS). Maternal characteristics extracted from antenatal care 

 books or by interview, completed by malaria diagnosis were 

 examined through a multi-level logistic regression to estimate 

 odd-ratios of association with low birthweight. Significance 

 level was set at 5%. Of the 291 neonates examined, the 

 prevalence of low birthweight was 12%. After adjustment for 

 socio-demographic, obstetric and malaria prevention variables, being primigravid (OR = 8.84, [95% CI: 3.72-21.01]), or multigravid with history of stillbirth (OR = 5.03, [95% CI: 

 1.54-16.40]), as well as the lack of long-lasting insecticide 

 treated bed net use by the mother the night preceding the admission for delivery (OR = 2.5, [95% CI: 1.1-5.9]) were 

 significantly associated with neonate low birthweight. The 

 number of antenatal visits however did not confer any direct 

 benefit on birthweight status within this study area. The 

 prevalence of low birthweight was high in the study area and 

 represents an important public health problem in Burkina Faso. 

 In light of these results, a redefinition of the content of the 

 antenatal care package is needed.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34716389 

PMCID: PMC8556330},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zango2021-ti,

title = {Association of malaria and curable sexually transmitted  infections with pregnancy outcomes in rural Burkina Faso},

author = {Serge Henri Zango and Moussa Lingani and Innocent Valea and Ouindpanga Sekou Samadoulougou and Biebo Bihoun and Diagniagou Lankoande and Phillipe Donnen and Michele Dramaix and Halidou Tinto and Annie Robert},

doi = {10.1186/s12884-021-04205-6},

issn = {1471-2393},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-27},

urldate = {2021-10-27},

journal = {BMC Pregnancy Childbirth},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {722},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria and curable sexually transmitted infections 

 (STIs) are severe infections associated with poor pregnancy 

 outcomes in sub-Saharan countries. These infections are 

 responsible for low birth weight, preterm birth, and 

 miscarriage. In Burkina Faso, many interventions recommended by 

 the World Health Organization were implemented to control the 

 impact of these infections. After decades of intervention, we 

 assessed the impact of these infections on pregnancy outcomes in 

 rural setting of Burkina Faso. METHODS: Antenatal care and 

 delivery data of pregnant women attending health facilities in 

 2016 and 2017 were collected in two rural districts namely 

 Nanoro and Yako, in Burkina Faso. Regression models with 

 likelihood ratio test were used to assess the association 

 between infections and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: During the 

 two years, 31639 pregnant women received antenatal care. Malaria 

 without STI, STI without malaria, and their coinfections were 

 reported for 7359 (23.3%), 881 (2.8 %), and 388 (1.2%) women, 

 respectively. Low birth weight, miscarriage, and stillbirth were 

 observed in 2754 (10.5 %), 547 (2.0 %), and 373 (1.3 %) 

 women, respectively. Our data did not show an association 

 between low birth weight and malaria [Adjusted OR: 0.91 (0.78 - 

 1.07)], STIs [Adjusted OR: 0.74 (0.51 - 1.07)] and coinfection 

 [Adjusted OR: 1.15 (0.75 - 1.78)]. Low birth weight was strongly 

 associated with primigravidae [Adjusted OR: 3.53 (3.12 - 4.00)]. 

 Both miscarriage and stillbirth were associated with malaria 

 [Adjusted OR: 1.31 (1.07 - 1.59)], curable STI [Adjusted OR: 

 1.65 (1.06 - 2.59)], and coinfection [Adjusted OR: 2.00 (1.13 - 

 3.52)]. CONCLUSION: Poor pregnancy outcomes remained frequent in 

 rural Burkina Faso. Malaria, curable STIs, and their 

 coinfections were associated with both miscarriage and 

 stillbirth in rural Burkina. More effort should be done to 

 reduce the proportion of pregnancies lost associated with these 

 curable infections by targeting interventions in primigravidae 

 women.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34706705 

PMCID: PMC8549350},

keywords = {Coinfection, Impact, Malaria, Outcome, Pregnancy, STI},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Starck2021-mb,

title = {The effect of malaria on haemoglobin concentrations: a  nationally representative household fixed-effects study of  17,599 children under 5 years of age in Burkina Faso},

author = {Tim Starck and Caroline A Bulstra and Halidou Tinto and Toussaint Rouamba and Ali Sie and Thomas Jaenisch and Till B\"{a}rnighausen},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03948-z},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-23},

urldate = {2021-10-23},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {416},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although the association between malaria and anaemia 

 is widely studied in patient cohorts, the 

 population-representative causal effects of malaria on anaemia 

 remain unknown. This study estimated the malaria-induced 

 decrease in haemoglobin levels among young children in 

 malaria-endemic Burkina Faso. METHODS: The study was based on 

 pooled individual-level nationally representative health survey 

 data (2010-2011, 2014, 2017-2018) from 17 599 children under 5 

 years of age. This data was used to estimate the effects of 

 malaria on haemoglobin concentration, controlling for household 

 fixed-effects, age, and sex in a series of regression analyses. 

 The fixed-effects controlled for observed and unobserved 

 confounding on the household level and allowed to determine the 

 impact of malaria infection status on haemoglobin levels and 

 anaemia prevalence. Furthermore, the diagnostic results from 

 microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests were leveraged to provide 

 a quasi-longitudinal perspective of acute and prolonged effects 

 after malaria infection. RESULTS: The prevalence of both malaria 

 (survey prevalence ranging from 17.4% to 65.2%) and anaemia 

 (survey prevalence ranging from 74% to 88.2%) was very high in 

 the included surveys. Malaria was estimated to significantly 

 reduce haemoglobin levels, with an overall effect of - 7.5 g/dL 

 (95% CI - 8.5, - 6.5). Acute malaria resulted in a - 7.7 g/dL 

 (95% CI - 8.8, - 6.6) decrease in haemoglobin levels. Recent 

 malaria without current parasitaemia decreased haemoglobin 

 concentration by - 7.1 g/dL (95% CI - 8.3, - 5.9). The 

 in-sample predicted prevalence of severe anaemia was 9.4% among 

 malaria positives, but only 2.2% among children without 

 malaria. CONCLUSION: Malaria infection has a strong detrimental 

 effect on haemoglobin levels among young children in Burkina 

 Faso. This effect seems to carry over even after acute 

 infection, indicating prolonged haemoglobin reductions even 

 after successful parasite-elimination. The quasi-experimental 

 fixed-effect approach adds a population level perspective to 

 existing clinical evidence.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34688294 

PMCID: PMC8542337},

keywords = {Anaemia, Burkina Faso, Haemoglobin, Household fixed-effects, Malaria, Microscopy, Rapid diagnostic tests},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hema-Ouangraoua2021-xf,

title = {Impact of mass administration of azithromycin as a preventive  treatment on the prevalence and resistance of nasopharyngeal  carriage of Staphylococcus aureus},

author = {Soumeya Hema-Ouangraoua and Juliette Tranchot-Diallo and Issaka Zongo and Nongodo Firmin Kabore and Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric Niki`ema and Rakiswende Serge Yerbanga and Halidou Tinto and Daniel Chandramohan and Georges-Anicet Ouedraogo and Brian Greenwood and Jean-Bosco Ouedraogo},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0257190},

issn = {1932-6203},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-13},

urldate = {2021-10-01},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {16},

number = {10},

pages = {e0257190},

publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},

abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of serious illness and 

 death in children, indicating the need to monitor prevalent 

 strains, particularly in the vulnerable pediatric population. 

 Nasal carriage of S. aureus is important as carriers have an 

 increased risk of serious illness due to systemic invasion by 

 this pathogen and can transmit the infection. Recent studies 

 have demonstrated the effectiveness of azithromycin in reducing 

 the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carrying of pneumococci, which 

 are often implicated in respiratory infections in children. 

 However, very few studies of the impact of azithromycin on 

 staphylococci have been undertaken. During a clinical trial 

 under taken in 2016, nasal swabs were collected from 778 

 children aged 3 to 59 months including 385 children who were 

 swabbed before administration of azithromycin or placebo and 393 

 after administration of azithromycin or placebo. Azithromycin 

 was given in a dose of 100 mg for three days, together with the 

 antimalarials sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine, on four 

 occasions at monthly intervals during the malaria transmission 

 season. These samples were cultured for S. aureus as well as for 

 the pneumococcus. The S. aureus isolates were tested for their 

 susceptibility to azithromycin (15 g), penicillin (10 IU), and 

 cefoxitine (30 g) (Oxoid Ltd). S. aureus was isolated from 

 13.77% (53/385) swabs before administration of azithromycin and from 20.10% (79/393) six months after administration (PR = 1.46 [1.06; 2.01},

note = {PMID: 34644317 

PMCID: PMC8513893},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Diendere2021-lc,

title = {Associations between dental problems and underweight status  among rural women in Burkina Faso: results from the first WHO  Stepwise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS) survey},

author = {Jeoffray Diend\'{e}r\'{e} and Augustin Nawidimbasba Zeba and Sibraogo Kiemtor\'{e} and Olivier Ouahamin Sombi\'{e} and Philippe Fayemendy and Pierre J\'{e}sus and Athanase Millogo and Aly Savadogo and Halidou Tinto and Jean-Claude Desport},

doi = {10.1017/S1368980021004080},

issn = {1475-2727 1368-9800},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-07},

urldate = {2021-10-07},

journal = {Public Health Nutr.},

pages = {1--11},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},

abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between dental problems 

 and underweight status among rural women in Burkina Faso by 

 using nationally representative data. DESIGN: This was a 

 cross-sectional secondary study of primary data obtained by the 

 2013 WHO Stepwise Approach to Surveillance survey conducted in 

 Burkina Faso. Descriptive and analytical analyses were performed 

 using Student's t test, ANOVA, the $chi$2 test, Fisher's exact 

 test and logistic regression. SETTING: All thirteen 

 Burkinab`e regions were categorised using quartiles of 

 urbanisation rates. PARTICIPANTS: The participants were 1730 

 rural women aged 25-64 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of 

 underweight was 16·0 %, and 24·1 % of participants experienced 

 dental problems during the 12-month period. The women with 

 dental problems were more frequently underweight (19·9 % and 

 14·7 %; P 49 years old) and smokeless tobacco users. Age > 49 

 years, professions with inconsistent income, a lack of 

 education, smokeless tobacco use and low BMI were factors that 

 were significantly associated with dental problems, while 

 residency in a low-urbanisation area was a protective factor. 

 CONCLUSION: The prevalence of underweight in rural Burkinab`e 

 women is among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, and women with 

 dental problems are more frequently affected than those without 

 dental problems. Public health measures for the prevention of 

 these disorders should specifically target women aged over 49 

 years and smokeless tobacco users.},

note = {Place: England

PMID: 34615560},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, Dental problems, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Rural women, Underweight},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Phiri2021-oy,

title = {The duration of protection from azithromycin against malaria,  acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skin infections when  given alongside seasonal malaria chemoprevention: Secondary  analyses of data from a clinical trial in hound\'{e}, Burkina  Faso, and bougouni, Mali},

author = {Mphatso Dennis Phiri and Matthew Cairns and Issaka Zongo and Frederic Nikiema and Modibo Diarra and Rakiswend\'{e} Serge Yerbanga and Amadou Barry and Amadou Tapily and Samba Coumare and Ismaila Thera and Irene Kuepfer and Paul Milligan and Halidou Tinto and Alassane Dicko and Jean Bosco Ou\'{e}draogo and Brian Greenwood and Daniel Chandramohan and Issaka Sagara},

doi = {10.1093/cid/ciaa1905},

issn = {1537-6591 1058-4838},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-01},

urldate = {2021-10-01},

journal = {Clin. Infect. Dis.},

volume = {73},

number = {7},

pages = {e2379--e2386},

publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin 

 (AZ) is being considered as a strategy to promote child survival 

 in sub-Saharan Africa, but the mechanism by which AZ reduces 

 mortality is unclear. To better understand the nature and extent 

 of protection provided by AZ, we explored the profile of 

 protection by time since administration, using data from a 

 household-randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Burkina Faso 

 and Mali. METHODS: Between 2014 and 2016, 30 977 children aged 

 3-59 months received seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with 

 sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine and either AZ or 

 placebo monthly, on 4 occasions each year. Poisson regression 

 with gamma-distributed random effects, accounting for the 

 household randomization and within-individual clustering of 

 illness episodes, was used to compare incidence of prespecified 

 outcomes between SMC+AZ versus SMC+placebo groups in fixed time 

 strata post-treatment. The likelihood ratio test was used to 

 assess evidence for a time-treatment group interaction. RESULTS: 

 Relative to SMC+placebo, there was no evidence of protection 

 from SMC+AZ against hospital admissions and deaths. Additional 

 protection from SMC+AZ against malaria was confined to the first 

 2 weeks post-administration (protective efficacy (PE): 24.2% 

 [95% CI: 17.8%, 30.1%]). Gastroenteritis and pneumonia were 

 reduced by 29.9% [21.7; 37.3%], and 34.3% [14.9; 49.3%], 

 respectively, in the first 2 weeks postadministration. 

 Protection against nonmalaria fevers with a skin condition 

 persisted up to 28 days: PE: 46.3% [35.1; 55.6%]. CONCLUSIONS: 

 The benefits of AZ-MDA are broad-ranging but short-lived. To 

 maximize impact, timing of AZ-MDA must address the challenge of 

 targeting asynchronous morbidity and mortality peaks from 

 different causes.},

note = {© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

PMID: 33417683 

PMCID: PMC8492219},

keywords = {Antimalarials/therapeutic use, Azithromycin, Azithromycin/therapeutic use, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Chemoprevention, Child, child mortality, Drug Combinations, duration of protection, Humans, Infant, Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Mali/epidemiology, Preschool, Sahel, seasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bonko2021-en,

title = {Antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial isolates from  febrile children under 5 years of age in Nanoro, Burkina Faso},

author = {Massa Dit Achille Bonko and Marc Christian Tahita and Francois Kiemde and Palpouguini Lompo and Sibidou Yougbar\'{e} and Athanase M Some and Halidou Tinto and Petra F Mens and Sandra Menting and Henk D F H Schallig},

doi = {10.1111/tmi.13644},

issn = {1365-3156 1360-2276},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-01},

urldate = {2021-10-01},

journal = {Trop. Med. Int. Health},

volume = {26},

number = {10},

pages = {1220--1230},

publisher = {Wiley},

abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Antibiotics efficacy is severely threatened due to 

 emerging resistance worldwide, but there is a paucity of 

 antibiotics efficacy data for the West African region in 

 general. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antibiotic 

 susceptibility profile of bacterial isolated from febrile 

 children under 5 years of age in Nanoro (Burkina Faso). METHODS: 

 Blood, stool and urine samples were collected from 1099 febrile 

 children attending peripheral health facilities and the referral 

 hospital in Nanoro Health district. Bacterial isolates from 

 these samples were assessed for their susceptibility against 

 commonly used antibiotics by Kirby-Bauer method. RESULTS: In 

 total, 141 bacterial isolates were recovered from 127 febrile 

 children of which 65 from blood, 65 from stool and 11 from 

 urine. Salmonella isolates were most frequently isolated and 

 found to be highly resistant to ampicillin (70%; 56/80) and 

 trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (65%; 52/80). Escherichia coli 

 isolates showed a high resistance rate to 

 trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (100%), ampicillin (100%), 

 ciprofloxacin (71.4%; 10/14), amoxicillin-clavulanate (64.3%; 

 9/14), ceftriaxone (64.3%; 9/14) and gentamycin (50%; 7/14). 

 Moreover, half of the E. coli isolates produced \ss-lactamase 

 suggesting multi-drug resistance against $beta$-lactam as well 

 as non-$beta$-lactam antibiotics. Multi-drug resistance was 

 observed in 54.6% (59/108) of the isolates, mainly 

 Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed high 

 resistance rates to common antibiotics used to treat bacterial 

 infections in Nanoro. The work prompts the need to expand 

 antibiotic resistance surveillance studies in Burkina Faso.},

note = {© 2021 The Authors Tropical Medicine \& International Health Published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.

Place: England

PMID: 34185935},

keywords = {antibiotic resistance, bacteria, febrile children},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chandramohan2021-qm,

title = {Seasonal malaria vaccination with or without seasonal malaria  chemoprevention},

author = {Daniel Chandramohan and Issaka Zongo and Issaka Sagara and Matthew Cairns and Rakiswend\'{e}-Serge Yerbanga and Modibo Diarra and Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric Niki`ema and Amadou Tapily and Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric Sompougdou and Djibrilla Issiaka and Charles Zoungrana and Koualy Sanogo and Alassane Haro and Mahamadou Kaya and Abdoul-Aziz Sienou and Seydou Traore and Almahamoudou Mahamar and Ismaila Thera and Kalifa Diarra and Amagana Dolo and Irene Kuepfer and Paul Snell and Paul Milligan and Christian Ockenhouse and Opokua Ofori-Anyinam and Halidou Tinto and Abdoulaye Djimde and Jean-Bosco Ou\'{e}draogo and Alassane Dicko and Brian Greenwood},

doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa2026330},

issn = {1533-4406 0028-4793},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-09},

urldate = {2021-09-09},

journal = {N. Engl. J. Med.},

volume = {385},

number = {11},

pages = {1005--1017},

publisher = {Massachusetts Medical Society},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria control remains a challenge in many parts of 

 the Sahel and sub-Sahel regions of Africa. METHODS: We conducted 

 an individually randomized, controlled trial to assess whether 

 seasonal vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E was noninferior to 

 chemoprevention in preventing uncomplicated malaria and whether 

 the two interventions combined were superior to either one alone 

 in preventing uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria-related 

 outcomes. RESULTS: We randomly assigned 6861 children 5 to 17 

 months of age to receive sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and 

 amodiaquine (2287 children [chemoprevention-alone group]), 

 RTS,S/AS01E (2288 children [vaccine-alone group]), or 

 chemoprevention and RTS,S/AS01E (2286 children [combination 

 group]). Of these, 1965, 1988, and 1967 children in the three 

 groups, respectively, received the first dose of the assigned 

 intervention and were followed for 3 years. Febrile seizure 

 developed in 5 children the day after receipt of the vaccine, 

 but the children recovered and had no sequelae. There were 305 

 events of uncomplicated clinical malaria per 1000 person-years 

 at risk in the chemoprevention-alone group, 278 events per 1000 

 person-years in the vaccine-alone group, and 113 events per 1000 

 person-years in the combination group. The hazard ratio for the 

 protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E as compared with 

 chemoprevention was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 

 1.01), which excluded the prespecified noninferiority margin of 

 1.20. The protective efficacy of the combination as compared 

 with chemoprevention alone was 62.8% (95% CI, 58.4 to 66.8) 

 against clinical malaria, 70.5% (95% CI, 41.9 to 85.0) against 

 hospital admission with severe malaria according to the World 

 Health Organization definition, and 72.9% (95% CI, 2.9 to 

 92.4) against death from malaria. The protective efficacy of the 

 combination as compared with the vaccine alone against these 

 outcomes was 59.6% (95% CI, 54.7 to 64.0), 70.6% (95% CI, 

 42.3 to 85.0), and 75.3% (95% CI, 12.5 to 93.0), respectively. 

 CONCLUSIONS: Administration of RTS,S/AS01E was noninferior to 

 chemoprevention in preventing uncomplicated malaria. The 

 combination of these interventions resulted in a substantially 

 lower incidence of uncomplicated malaria, severe malaria, and 

 death from malaria than either intervention alone. (Funded by 

 the Joint Global Health Trials and PATH; ClinicalTrials.gov 

 number, NCT03143218.).},

note = {Copyright © 2021 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Place: United States

PMID: 34432975},

keywords = {Amodiaquine/therapeutic use, Antimalarials/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Chemoprevention, Combination, Combined Modality Therapy, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Drug Therapy, Falciparum/epidemiology/mortality/prevention \& control, Febrile/etiology, Female, Hospitalization/statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Malaria Vaccines/administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Male, Mali/epidemiology, Pyrimethamine/therapeutic use, Seasons, Seizures, Sulfadoxine/therapeutic use},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Traore2021-vr,

title = {COVID-19 epidemiological, sociological and anthropological  investigation: study protocol for a multidisciplinary mixed  methods research in Burkina Faso},

author = {Isidore Tiandiogo Traor\'{e} and Samiratou Ouedraogo and Dramane Kania and Firmin Nongodo Kabor\'{e} and Blahima Konat\'{e} and Rachel M\'{e}dah and Hermann Badolo and Nathalie Rekeneire and Ariane Mamguem Kamga and Armel Poda and Arnaud Eric Diendere and Boukary Ou\'{e}draogo and Esperance Ou\'{e}draogo and Oumar Billa and Halidou Tinto and Tienhan Sandrine Dabakuyo-Yonli},

doi = {10.1186/s12879-021-06543-4},

issn = {1471-2334},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-03},

urldate = {2021-09-03},

journal = {BMC Infect. Dis.},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {896},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: The world has high hopes of vaccination against 

 COVID-19 to protect the population, boost economies and return to 

 normal life. Vaccination programmes are being rolled out in high 

 income countries, but the pandemic continues to progress in many 

 low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) despite implementation of 

 strict hygiene measures. We aim to present a comprehensive 

 research protocol that will generate epidemiological, 

 sociological and anthropological data about the COVID-19 epidemic 

 in Burkina Faso, a landlocked country in West Africa with scarce 

 resources. METHODS: We will perform a multidisciplinary research 

 using mixed methods in the two main cities in Burkina Faso 

 (Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso). Data will be collected in the 

 general population and in COVID-19 patients, caregivers and 

 health care professionals in reference care centers: (i) to 

 determine cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the 

 Burkinabe population using blood samples collected from randomly 

 selected households according to the WHO-recommended protocol; 

 (ii) develop a score to predict severe complications of COVID-19 

 in persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 using retrospective and 

 prospective data; (iii) perform semi-structured interviews and 

 direct observation on site, to describe and analyze the 

 healthcare pathways and experiences of patients with COVID-19 

 attending reference care centers, and to identify the 

 perceptions, acceptability and application of preventive 

 strategies among the population. DISCUSSION: This study will 

 generate comprehensive data that will contribute to improving 

 COVID-19 response strategies in Burkina Faso. The lessons learned 

 from the management of this epidemic may serve as examples to the 

 country authorities to better design preventive strategies in the 

 case of future epidemics or pandemics. The protocol was approved 

 by the Ministry for Health (N° 2020-00952/MS/CAB/INSP/CM) and the 

 Health Research Ethics Committee in Burkina Faso (N° 2020-8-140).},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34479501 

PMCID: PMC8414025},

keywords = {Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Clinical epidemiology, COVID-19, Humans, Predictive score, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, SARS-Cov-2, Sero-epidemiology, Socio-anthropology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Roberts2021-gg,

title = {Seasonal patterns of malaria, genital infection, nutritional and  iron status in non-pregnant and pregnant adolescents in Burkina  Faso: a secondary analysis of trial data},

author = {Stephen A Roberts and Loretta Brabin and Halidou Tinto and Sabine Gies and Salou Diallo and Bernard Brabin},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11819-0},

issn = {1471-2458},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-01},

urldate = {2021-09-01},

journal = {BMC Public Health},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {1764},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adolescents are considered at high risk of developing iron deficiency. Studies in children indicate that the prevalence of iron deficiency increased with  malaria transmission, suggesting malaria seasonally may drive iron deficiency. This  paper examines monthly seasonal infection patterns of malaria, abnormal vaginal  flora, chorioamnionitis, antibiotic and antimalarial prescriptions, in relation to  changes in iron biomarkers and nutritional indices in adolescents living in a rural  area of Burkina Faso, in order to assess the requirement for seasonal infection  control and nutrition interventions. METHODS: Data collected between April 2011 and  January 2014 were available for an observational seasonal analysis, comprising  scheduled visits for 1949 non-pregnant adolescents (≤19 years), (315 of whom  subsequently became pregnant), enrolled in a randomised trial of periconceptional  iron supplementation. Data from trial arms were combined. Body Iron Stores (BIS)  were calculated using an internal regression for ferritin to allow for inflammation.  At recruitment 11% had low BIS (< 0 mg/kg). Continuous outcomes were fitted to a  mixed-effects linear model with month, age and pregnancy status as fixed effect  covariates and woman as a random effect. Dichotomous infection outcomes were fitted  with analogous logistic regression models. RESULTS: Seasonal variation in malaria  parasitaemia prevalence ranged between 18 and 70% in non-pregnant adolescents  (P < 0.001), peaking at 81% in those who became pregnant. Seasonal variation  occurred in antibiotic prescription rates (0.7-1.8 prescriptions/100 weekly visits,  P < 0.001) and chorioamnionitis prevalence (range 15-68%, P = 0.026). Mucosal  vaginal lactoferrin concentration was lower at the end of the wet season (range  2-22 μg/ml, P < 0.016), when chorioamnionitis was least frequent. BIS fluctuated  annually by up to 53.2% per year around the mean BIS (5.1 mg/kg(2), range  4.1-6.8 mg/kg), with low BIS (< 0 mg/kg) of 8.7% in the dry and 9.8% in the wet  seasons (P = 0.36). Median serum transferrin receptor increased during the wet  season (P < 0.001). Higher hepcidin concentration in the wet season corresponded  with rising malaria prevalence and use of prescriptions, but with no change in BIS.  Mean Body Mass Index and Mid-Upper-Arm-Circumference values peaked mid-dry season  (both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis supports preventive treatment of malaria  among adolescents 15-19 years to decrease their disease burden, especially  asymptomatic malaria. As BIS were adequate in most adolescents despite seasonal  malaria, a requirement for programmatic iron supplementation was not substantiated.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34579679 

PMCID: PMC8477466},

keywords = {Abnormal vaginal flora, Adolescents, Bacterial vaginosis, Body Mass Index, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Female, Humans, Iron, iron biomarkers, Malaria, Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology, MUAC, Pregnancy, Seasons, Vagina},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Compaore2021-hg,

title = {'Men are not playing their roles', maternal and child nutrition  in Nanoro, Burkina Faso},

author = {Ad\'{e}la"ide Compaor\'{e} and Kadija Ouedraogo and Palwende R Boua and Daniella Watson and Sarah H Kehoe and Marie-Louise Newell and Halidou Tinto and Mary Barker and Hermann Sorgho and INPreP group},

doi = {10.1017/S1368980020003365},

issn = {1475-2727 1368-9800},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-08-01},

urldate = {2021-08-01},

journal = {Public Health Nutr.},

volume = {24},

number = {12},

pages = {3780--3790},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},

abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To collect context-specific insights into maternal 

 and child health and nutrition issues, and to explore potential 

 solutions in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. DESIGN: Eleven focus groups 

 with men and women from eleven communities, facilitated by local 

 researchers. SETTING: The study took place in the Nanoro Health 

 district, in the West-Central part of Burkina Faso. 

 PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-six men (18-55 years) and women by age 

 group: 18-25; 26-34 and 35-55 years, participated in the group 

 discussions. RESULTS: Participants described barriers to optimal 

 nutrition of mothers and children related to a range of 

 community factors, with gender inequality as central. Major 

 themes in the discussions are related to poverty and challenges 

 generated by socially and culturally determined gender roles. 

 Sub-themes are women lacking access to food whilst pregnant and 

 having limited access to health care and opportunities to 

 generate income. Although communities believe that food 

 donations should be implemented to overcome this, they also 

 pointed out the need for enhancing their own food production, 

 requiring improved agricultural technologies. Given the 

 important role that women could play in reducing malnutrition, 

 these communities felt they needed to be empowered to do so and 

 supported by men. They also felt that this had to be carried out 

 in the context of an enhanced health care system. CONCLUSIONS: 

 Findings reported here highlight the importance of 

 nutrition-sensitive interventions and women's empowerment in 

 improving maternal and child nutrition. There is a need to 

 integrate a sustainable multi-sectorial approach which goes 

 beyond food support.},

note = {Place: England

PMID: 33000717},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, Child, Child nutrition, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Community perceptions, Empowerment, Female, Humans, Male, Maternal nutrition, Mothers, Nutritional Status, Pregnancy, Qualitative research},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yameogo2021-bb,

title = {Effect of seasonal malaria chemoprevention plus azithromycin on  Plasmodium falciparum transmission: gametocyte infectivity and  mosquito fitness},

author = {Koudraogo Bienvenue Yam\'{e}ogo and Rakiswend\'{e} Serge Yerbanga and Seydou Bienvenu Ouattara and Franck A Yao and Thierry Lef`evre and Issaka Zongo and Frederic Niki`ema and Yves Daniel Compaor\'{e} and Halidou Tinto and Daniel Chandramohan and Brian Greenwood and Adrien M G Belem and Anna Cohuet and Jean Bosco Ou\'{e}draogo},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03855-3},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-27},

urldate = {2021-07-27},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {326},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) consists of administration of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) + amodiaquine (AQ) at monthly intervals to children  during the malaria transmission period. Whether the addition of azithromycin (AZ) to  SMC could potentiate the benefit of the intervention was tested through a  double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The effect of SMC and the  addition of AZ, on malaria transmission and on the life history traits of Anopheles  gambiae mosquitoes have been investigated. METHODS: The study included 438 children  randomly selected from among participants in the SMC + AZ trial and 198 children  from the same area who did not receive chemoprevention. For each participant in the  SMC + AZ trial, blood was collected 14 to 21 days post treatment, examined for the  presence of malaria sexual and asexual stages and provided as a blood meal to An.  gambiae females using a direct membrane-feeding assay. RESULTS: The SMC treatment,  with or without AZ, significantly reduced the prevalence of asexual Plasmodium  falciparum (LRT X(2)(2) = 69, P < 0.0001) and the gametocyte prevalence (LRT  X(2)(2) = 54, P < 0.0001). In addition, the proportion of infectious feeds (LRT  X(2)(2) = 61, P < 0.0001) and the prevalence of oocysts among exposed mosquitoes  (LRT X(2)(2) = 22.8, P < 0.001) was reduced when mosquitoes were fed on blood from  treated children compared to untreated controls. The addition of AZ to SPAQ was  associated with an increased proportion of infectious feeds (LRT X(2)(1) = 5.2,  P = 0.02), suggesting a significant effect of AZ on gametocyte infectivity. There  was a slight negative effect of SPAQ and SPAQ + AZ on mosquito survival compared to  mosquitoes fed with blood from control children (LRTX(2)(2) = 330, P < 0.0001).  CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that SMC may contribute to a reduction in human  to mosquito transmission of P. falciparum, and the reduced mosquito longevity  observed for females fed on treated blood may increase the benefit of this  intervention in control of malaria. The addition of AZ to SPAQ in SMC appeared to  enhance the infectivity of gametocytes providing further evidence that this  combination is not an appropriate intervention.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34315475 

PMCID: PMC8314489},

keywords = {Amodiaquine/administration \& dosage, Animals, Antimalarials/administration \& dosage, Chemoprevention, Child, Culicidae/physiology, Drug Combinations, Falciparum/prevention \& control/transmission, Gametocytes, Genetic Fitness, Humans, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum/physiology, Preschool, Pyrimethamine/administration \& dosage, seasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons, Sulfadoxine/administration \& dosage, Transmission},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Noori2021-te,

title = {Patterns of child mortality in rural area of Burkina Faso:  evidence from the Nanoro health and demographic surveillance  system (HDSS)},

author = {Navideh Noori and Karim Derra and Innocent Valea and Assaf P Oron and Aminata Welgo and Toussaint Rouamba and Palwende Romuald Boua and Athanase M Som\'{e} and Eli Rouamba and Edward Wenger and Hermann Sorgho and Halidou Tinto and Andre Lin Ou\'{e}draogo},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11483-4},

issn = {1471-2458},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-19},

urldate = {2021-07-19},

journal = {BMC Public Health},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {1425},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Half of global child deaths occur in sub-Saharan 

 Africa. Understanding child mortality patterns and risk factors 

 will help inform interventions to reduce this heavy toll. The 

 Nanoro Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), 

 Burkina Faso was described previously, but patterns and 

 potential drivers of heterogeneity in child mortality in the 

 district had not been studied. Similar studies in other 

 districts indicated proximity to health facilities as a risk 

 factor, usually without distinction between facility types. 

 METHODS: Using Nanoro HDSS data from 2009 to 2013, we estimated 

 the association between under-5 mortality and proximity to 

 inpatient and outpatient health facilities, seasonality of 

 death, age group, and standard demographic risk factors. 

 RESULTS: Living in homes 40-60 min and > 60 min travel time from 

 an inpatient facility was associated with 1.52 (95% CI: 

 1.13-2.06) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.27-2.40) greater hazard of 

 under-5 mortality, respectively, than living in homes < 20 min 

 from an inpatient facility. No such association was found for 

 outpatient facilities. The wet season (July-November) was 

 associated with 1.28 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.53) higher under-5 

 mortality than the dry season (December-June), likely reflecting 

 the malaria season. CONCLUSIONS: Our results emphasize the 

 importance of geographical proximity to health care, distinguish 

 between inpatient and outpatient facilities, and also show a 

 seasonal effect, probably driven by malaria.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34281547 

PMCID: PMC8287796},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, child mortality, ChildHealth Facilities, Children under 5, Demographic surveillance, HDSS, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Nanoro, Spatial analysis, Travel},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jaspard2021-bl,

title = {Clinical presentation, outcomes and factors associated with  mortality: A prospective study from three COVID-19 referral  care centres in West Africa},

author = {Marie Jaspard and Mamadou Saliou Sow and Sylvain Juchet and Eric Diender\'{e} and Beatrice Serra and Richard Kojan and Billy Sivahera and Caroline Martin and Moumouni Kinda and Hans-Joerg Lang and Fod\'{e} Bangaly Sako and Fod\'{e} Amara Traor\'{e} and Eudoxie Koumbem and Halidou Tinto and Adama Sanou and Apoline Sondo and Flavien Kabor\'{e} and Joseph Donamou and Jean-Paul-Yassa Guilavogui and Fanny Velardo and Brice Bicaba and Olivier Marcy and Augustin Augier and Sani Sayadi and Armel Poda and Sakoba Keita and Xavier Anglaret and Denis Malvy and COVISTA group},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.024},

issn = {1878-3511 1201-9712},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-01},

urldate = {2021-07-01},

journal = {Int. J. Infect. Dis.},

volume = {108},

pages = {45--52},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The overall death toll from COVID-19 in Africa is 

 reported to be low but there is little individual-level evidence 

 on the severity of the disease. This study examined the clinical 

 spectrum and outcome of patients monitored in COVID-19 care 

 centres (CCCs) in two West-African countries. METHODS: Burkina 

 Faso and Guinea set up referral CCCs to hospitalise all 

 symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers, regardless of the severity of 

 their symptoms. Data collected from hospitalised patients by 

 November 2020 are presented. RESULT: A total of 1,805 patients 

 (64% men, median age 41 years) were admitted with COVID-19. 

 Symptoms lasted for a median of 7 days (IQR 4-11). During 

 hospitalisation, 443 (25%) had a SpO2 < 94% at least once, 237 

 (13%) received oxygen and 266 (15%) took corticosteroids. 

 Mortality was 5% overall, and 1%, 5% and 14% in patients 

 aged <40, 40-59 and $geq$60 years, respectively. In 

 multivariable analysis, the risk of death was higher in men (aOR 

 2.0, 95% CI 1.1; 3.6), people aged $geq$60 years (aOR 2.9, 

 95% CI 1.7; 4.8) and those with chronic hypertension (aOR 2.1, 

 95% CI 1.2; 3.4). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 is as severe in Africa 

 as elsewhere, and there must be more vigilance for common risk 

 factors such as older age and hypertension.},

note = {Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

PMID: 34000419 

PMCID: PMC8120805},

keywords = {Adult, Aged, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Comorbidities, COVID-19, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Mortality, Prospective Studies, Referral and Consultation, SARS-Cov-2, sub-Saharan Africa},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{De_Wit2021-yi,

title = {Nutritional status in young children prior to the malaria  transmission season in Burkina Faso and Mali, and its impact on  the incidence of clinical malaria},

author = {Mariken Wit and Matthew Cairns and Yves Daniel Compaor\'{e} and Issaka Sagara and Irene Kuepfer and Issaka Zongo and Amadou Barry and Modibo Diarra and Amadou Tapily and Samba Coumare and Ismaila Thera and Frederic Nikiema and R Serge Yerbanga and Rosemonde M Guissou and Halidou Tinto and Alassane Dicko and Daniel Chandramohan and Brian Greenwood and Jean Bosco Ouedraogo},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03802-2},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-22},

urldate = {2021-06-22},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {274},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria and malnutrition remain major problems in 

 Sahel countries, especially in young children. The direct effect 

 of malnutrition on malaria remains poorly understood, and may 

 have important implications for malaria control. In this study, 

 nutritional status and the association between malnutrition and 

 subsequent incidence of symptomatic malaria were examined in 

 children in Burkina Faso and Mali who received either 

 azithromycin or placebo, alongside seasonal malaria 

 chemoprevention. METHODS: Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was 

 measured in all 20,185 children who attended a screening visit 

 prior to the malaria transmission season in 2015. Prior to the 

 2016 malaria season, weight, height and MUAC were measured among 

 4149 randomly selected children. Height-for-age, weight-for-age, 

 weight-for-height, and MUAC-for-age were calculated as 

 indicators of nutritional status. Malaria incidence was measured 

 during the following rainy seasons. Multivariable random effects 

 Poisson models were created for each nutritional indicator to 

 study the effect of malnutrition on clinical malaria incidence 

 for each country. RESULTS: In both 2015 and 2016, nutritional 

 status prior to the malaria season was poor. The most prevalent 

 form of malnutrition in Burkina Faso was being underweight 

 (30.5%; 95% CI 28.6-32.6), whereas in Mali stunting was most 

 prevalent (27.5%; 95% CI 25.6-29.5). In 2016, clinical malaria 

 incidence was 675 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 613-744) in 

 Burkina Faso, and 1245 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 1152-1347) 

 in Mali. There was some evidence that severe stunting was 

 associated with lower incidence of malaria in Mali (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.64-1.02; p = 0.08), but this association was not seen 

 in Burkina Faso. Being moderately underweight tended to be 

 associated with higher incidence of clinical malaria in Burkina Faso (RR 1.27; 95% CI 0.98-1.64; p = 0.07), while this was the 

 case in Mali for moderate wasting (RR 1.27; 95% CI 0.98-1.64; p = 0.07). However, these associations were not observed in 

 severely affected children, nor consistent between countries. 

 MUAC-for-age was not associated with malaria risk. CONCLUSIONS: 

 Both malnutrition and malaria were common in the study areas, 

 high despite high coverage of seasonal malaria chemoprevention 

 and long-lasting insecticidal nets. However, no strong or 

 consistent evidence was found for an association between any of 

 the nutritional indicators and the subsequent incidence of 

 clinical malaria.},

note = {PMID: 34158054 

PMCID: PMC8220741},

keywords = {Acute malnutrition, Antimalarials/administration \& dosage, Azithromycin/administration \& dosage, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Chronic malnutrition, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Malaria, Malaria/epidemiology/transmission, Male, Nutritional Status, Preschool, seasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sondo2021-qe,

title = {Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum parasites and mutations in the resistance genes Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 in Nanoro area, Burkina Faso.},

author = {Paul Sondo and Biebo Bihoun and B\'{e}renger Kabore and Marc Christian Tahita and Karim Derra and Toussaint Rouamba and Seydou Nakanabo Diallo and Adama Kazienga and Hamidou Ilboudo and Innocent Valea and Zekiba Tarnagda and Hermann Sorgho and Thierry Lefevre and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.2021.39.118.26959},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-10},

urldate = {2021-06-10},

journal = {Pan Afr. Med. J.},

volume = {39},

pages = {118},

publisher = {Pan African Medical Journal},

abstract = {Introduction: from a genetic point of view P. falciparumis 

 extremely polymorphic. There is a variety of parasite strains 

 infesting individuals living in malaria endemic areas. The 

 purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between 

 polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum parasites and Pfcrt and 

 Pfmdr1 gene mutations in Nanoro area, Burkina Faso. Methods: 

 blood samples from plasmodium carriers residing in the Nanoro 

 Health District were genotyped using nested PCR. Parasite gene 

 mutations associated with resistance to antimalarial drugs were 

 detected by PCR-RFLP. Results: samples of 672 patients were 

 successfully genotyped. No msp1and msp2allelic families 

 exhibited an increase in developing mutations in resistance 

 genes. However, mutant strains of these genes were present at 

 greater levels in monoclonal infections than in multi-clonal 

 infections. Conclusion: this study provides an overview of the 

 relationship between polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum 

 parasites and mutations in resistance genes. These data will 

 undoubtedly contribute to improving knowledge of the parasite´s 

 biology and its mechanisms of resistance to antimalarial drugs.},

note = {Copyright: Paul Sondo et al.

PMID: 34512854 

PMCID: PMC8396377},

keywords = {Antimalarials/pharmacology, Burkina Faso, Drug Resistance, Falciparum/drug therapy/parasitology, GeneticRestriction Fragment Length, Genotype, Humans, Malaria, Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics, msp1, msp2, Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics, Mutation, Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects/genetics/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Protozoan Proteins/genetics},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}