@article{Adoke2021-el,

title = {A randomized, double-blind, phase 2b study to investigate the  efficacy, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a  single-dose regimen of ferroquine with artefenomel in adults and  children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria},

author = {Yeka Adoke and Rella Zoleko-Manego and Serge Ouoba and Alfred B Tiono and Grace Kaguthi and Juv^encio Eduardo Bonzela and Tran Thanh Duong and Alain Nahum and Marielle Bouyou-Akotet and Bernhards Ogutu and Alphonse Ouedraogo and Fiona Macintyre and Andreas Jessel and Bart Laurijssens and Mohammed H Cherkaoui-Rbati and Cathy Cantalloube and Anne Claire Marrast and Rapha"el Bejuit and David White and Timothy N C Wells and Florian Wartha and Didier Leroy and Afizi Kibuuka and Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma and Daouda Ouattara and Ir`ene Mugenya and Bui Quang Phuc and Francis Bohissou and Denise P Mawili-Mboumba and Fredrick Olewe and Issiaka Soulama and Halidou Tinto and FALCI Study Group},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03749-4},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-19},

urldate = {2021-05-19},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {222},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: For uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, 

 highly efficacious single-dose treatments are expected to 

 increase compliance and improve treatment outcomes, and thereby 

 may slow the development of resistance. The efficacy and safety 

 of a single-dose combination of artefenomel (800 mg) plus 

 ferroquine (400/600/900/1200 mg doses) for the treatment of 

 uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were evaluated in Africa 

 (focusing on children $\leq$ 5 years) and Asia. METHODS: The 

 study was a randomized, double-blind, single-dose, multi-arm 

 clinical trial in patients aged \> 6 months to 5 years and 20 

 Asian patients. None of the treatment arms met the target 

 efficacy criterion for PCR-adjusted ACPR at Day 28 (lower limit 

 of 95% confidence interval [CI] \> 90%). PCR-adjusted ACPR at 

 Day 28 [95% CI] in the PP Set ranged from 78.4% [64.7; 88.7%] 

 to 91.7% [81.6; 97.2%] for the 400 mg to 1200 mg ferroquine 

 dose. Efficacy rates were low in Vietnamese patients, ranging 

 from 20 to 40%. A clear relationship was found between drug 

 exposure (artefenomel and ferroquine concentrations at Day 7) 

 and efficacy (primary endpoint), with higher concentrations of 

 both drugs resulting in higher efficacy. Six distinct kelch-13 

 mutations were detected in parasite isolates from 10/272 African 

 patients (with 2 mutations known to be associated with 

 artemisinin resistance) and 18/20 Asian patients (all C580Y 

 mutation). Vomiting within 6 h of initial artefenomel 

 administration was common (24.6%) and associated with lower 

 drug exposures. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of 

 artefenomel/ferroquine combination was suboptimal in African 

 children aged $\leq$ 5 years, the population of interest, and 

 vomiting most likely had a negative impact on efficacy. Trial 

 registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02497612. Registered 14 Jul 

 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02497612?term=NCT02497612\&draw=2\&rank=1.},

note = {PMID: 34011358 

PMCID: PMC8135182},

keywords = {Adamantane/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aminoquinolines/administration \& dosage, Benin, Burkina Faso, C580Y, Child, Combination treatment, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Exposure\textendashresponse, Falciparum/prevention \& control, Female, Ferroquine, Ferrous Compounds/administration \& dosage, Gabon, Humans, Infant, Kelch-13 mutation, Kenya, Malaria, Male, Metallocenes/administration \& dosage, Middle Aged, Mozambique, Parasite clearance, Peroxides/administration \& dosage, Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects, Preschool, resistance, Uganda, Vietnam, Vomiting, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Datoo2021-dk,

title = {Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in  adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in  Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial},

author = {Mehreen S Datoo and Magloire H Natama and Athanase Som\'{e} and Ousmane Traor\'{e} and Toussaint Rouamba and Duncan Bellamy and Prisca Yameogo and Daniel Valia and Moubarak Tegneri and Florence Ouedraogo and Rachidatou Soma and Seydou Sawadogo and Faizatou Sorgho and Karim Derra and Eli Rouamba and Benedict Orindi and Fernando Ramos Lopez and Amy Flaxman and Federica Cappuccini and Reshma Kailath and Sean Elias and Ekta Mukhopadhyay and Andres Noe and Matthew Cairns and Alison Lawrie and Rachel Roberts and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Hermann Sorgho and Nicola Williams and Gregory Glenn and Louis Fries and Jenny Reimer and Katie J Ewer and Umesh Shaligram and Adrian V S Hill and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00943-0},

issn = {1474-547X 0140-6736},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-15},

urldate = {2021-05-15},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {397},

number = {10287},

pages = {1809--1818},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Stalled progress in controlling Plasmodium 

 falciparum malaria highlights the need for an effective and 

 deployable vaccine. RTS,S/AS01, the most effective malaria 

 vaccine candidate to date, demonstrated 56% efficacy over 12 

 months in African children. We therefore assessed a new 

 candidate vaccine for safety and efficacy. METHODS: In this 

 double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2b trial, the 

 low-dose circumsporozoite protein-based vaccine R21, with two 

 different doses of adjuvant Matrix-M (MM), was given to children 

 aged 5-17 months in Nanoro, Burkina Faso-a highly seasonal 

 malaria transmission setting. Three vaccinations were 

 administered at 4-week intervals before the malaria season, with 

 a fourth dose 1 year later. All vaccines were administered 

 intramuscularly into the thigh. Group 1 received 5 $mu$g R21 

 plus 25 $mu$g MM, group 2 received 5 $mu$g R21 plus 50 $mu$g 

 MM, and group 3, the control group, received rabies 

 vaccinations. Children were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to groups 

 1-3. An independent statistician generated a random allocation 

 list, using block randomisation with variable block sizes, which 

 was used to assign participants. Participants, their families, 

 and the local study team were all masked to group allocation. 

 Only the pharmacists preparing the vaccine were unmasked to 

 group allocation. Vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy 

 were evaluated over 1 year. The primary objective assessed 

 protective efficacy of R21 plus MM (R21/MM) from 14 days after 

 the third vaccination to 6 months. Primary analyses of vaccine 

 efficacy were based on a modified intention-to-treat population, 

 which included all participants who received three vaccinations, 

 allowing for inclusion of participants who received the wrong 

 vaccine at any timepoint. This trial is registered with 

 ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03896724. FINDINGS: From May 7 to June 

 13, 2019, 498 children aged 5-17 months were screened, and 48 

 were excluded. 450 children were enrolled and received at least 

 one vaccination. 150 children were allocated to group 1, 150 

 children were allocated to group 2, and 150 children were 

 allocated to group 3. The final vaccination of the primary 

 series was administered on Aug 7, 2019. R21/MM had a favourable 

 safety profile and was well tolerated. The majority of adverse 

 events were mild, with the most common event being fever. None 

 of the seven serious adverse events were attributed to the 

 vaccine. At the 6-month primary efficacy analysis, 43 (29%) of 

 146 participants in group 1, 38 (26%) of 146 participants in 

 group 2, and 105 (71%) of 147 participants in group 3 developed 

 clinical malaria. Vaccine efficacy was 74% (95% CI 63-82) in 

 group 1 and 77% (67-84) in group 2 at 6 months. At 1 year, 

 vaccine efficacy remained high, at 77% (67-84) in group 1. 

 Participants vaccinated with R21/MM showed high titres of 

 malaria-specific anti-Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro (NANP) antibodies 28 days 

 after the third vaccination, which were almost doubled with the 

 higher adjuvant dose. Titres waned but were boosted to levels 

 similar to peak titres after the primary series of vaccinations 

 after a fourth dose administered 1 year later. INTERPRETATION: 

 R21/MM appears safe and very immunogenic in African children, 

 and shows promising high-level efficacy. FUNDING: The European 

 \& Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, Wellcome 

 Trust, and National Institute for Health Research Oxford 

 Biomedical Research Centre.},

note = {Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights  reserved.

PMID: 33964223 

PMCID: PMC8121760},

keywords = {Adjuvants, Burkina Faso, Double-Blind Method, Falciparum/prevention \& control, Female, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Humans, Immunogenicity, Immunologic/administration \& dosage, Infant, Malaria, Malaria Vaccines/therapeutic use, Malaria/prevention \& control, Male, Nanoparticles/administration \& dosage, Proportional Hazards Models, Protozoan Proteins/immunology, Saponins/administration \& dosage, Treatment Outcome, Vaccine, Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/therapeutic use},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rouamba2021-gn,

title = {Asymptomatic malaria and anaemia among pregnant women during  high and low malaria transmission seasons in Burkina Faso:  household-based cross-sectional surveys in Burkina Faso, 2013  and 2017},

author = {Toussaint Rouamba and S\'{e}kou Samadoulougou and Mady Ou\'{e}draogo and Herv\'{e} Hien and Halidou Tinto and Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03703-4},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-01},

urldate = {2021-05-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {211},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria in endemic countries is often asymptomatic 

 during pregnancy, but it has substantial consequences for both 

 the mother and her unborn baby. During pregnancy, anaemia is an 

 important consequence of malaria infection. In Burkina Faso, the 

 intensity of malaria varies according to the season, albeit the 

 prevalence of malaria and anaemia as well as their risk factors, 

 during high and low malaria transmission seasons is 

 underexplored at the household level. METHODS: Data of 1751 

 pregnant women from October 2013 to March 2014 and 1931 pregnant 

 women from April 2017 to June 2017 were drawn from two 

 cross-sectional household surveys conducted in 24 health 

 districts of Burkina Faso. Pregnant women were tested for 

 malaria in their household after consenting. Asymptomatic 

 carriage was defined as a positive result from malaria rapid 

 diagnostic tests in the absence of clinical symptoms of malaria. 

 Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin level less than 11 g/dL in 

 the first and third trimester and less than 10.5 g/dL in the 

 second trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS: Prevalence of 

 asymptomatic malaria in pregnancy was estimated at 23.9% (95% 

 CI 20.2-28.0) during the high transmission season 

 (October-November) in 2013. During the low transmission season, 

 it was 12.7% (95% CI 10.9-14.7) between December and March in 

 2013-2014 and halved (6.4%; 95% CI 5.3-7.6) between April and 

 June 2017. Anaemia prevalence was estimated at 59.4% (95% CI 

 54.8-63.8) during the high transmission season in 2013. During 

 the low transmission season, it was 50.6% (95% CI 47.7-53.4) 

 between December and March 2013-2014 and 65.0% (95% CI 

 62.8-67.2) between April and June, 2017. CONCLUSION: This study 

 revealed that the prevalence of malaria asymptomatic carriage 

 and anaemia among pregnant women at the community level remain 

 high throughout the year. Thus, more efforts are needed to 

 increase prevention measures such as IPTp-SP coverage in order 

 to reduce anaemia and contribute to preventing low birth weight 

 and poor pregnancy outcomes.},

keywords = {Adult, Anemia/epidemiology/parasitology, Asymptomatic carriage, Asymptomatic Infections/epidemiology, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Community, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Haemoglobin, Humans, Malaria/epidemiology/parasitology, Parasitic/epidemiology/parasitology, Plasmodium, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnant, Pregnant Women, Prevalence, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gies2021-aw,

title = {Risk of malaria in young children after periconceptional iron  supplementation},

author = {Sabine Gies and Stephen A Roberts and Salou Diallo and Olga M Lompo and Halidou Tinto and Bernard J Brabin},

doi = {10.1111/mcn.13106},

issn = {1740-8709 1740-8695},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-04-01},

urldate = {2021-04-01},

journal = {Matern. Child Nutr.},

volume = {17},

number = {2},

pages = {e13106},

publisher = {Wiley},

abstract = {This study in Burkina Faso investigated whether offspring of young mothers who had received weekly periconceptional iron supplementation in a randomised controlled  trial were at increased risk of malaria. A child safety survey was undertaken in the  peak month of malaria transmission towards the end of the trial to assess child iron  biomarkers, nutritional status, anaemia and malaria outcomes. Antenatal iron  biomarkers, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction and placental pathology for  malaria and chorioamnionitis were assessed. Data were available for 180 babies  surviving to the time of the survey when their median age was 9 months. Prevalence  of maternal iron deficiency in the last trimester based on low body iron stores was  16%. Prevalence of active placental malaria infection was 24.8%, past infection 59%  and chorioamnionitis 55.6%. Babies of iron supplemented women had lower median  gestational age. Four out of five children ≥ 6 months were iron deficient, and 98%  were anaemic. At 4 months malaria prevalence was 45%. Child iron biomarkers, anaemia  and malaria outcomes did not differ by trial arm. Factors associated with childhood  parasitaemia were third trimester C-reactive protein level (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.1-3.9),  active placental malaria (OR 5.8; 1.0-32.5, P = 0.042) and child body iron stores  (OR 1.13; 1.04-1.23, P = 0.002). Chorioamnionitis was associated with reduced risk  of child parasitaemia (OR 0.4; 0.1-1.0, P = 0.038). Periconceptional iron  supplementation of young women did not alter body iron stores of their children.  Higher child body iron stores and placental malaria increased risk of childhood  parasitaemia.},

note = {© 2020 The Authors. Maternal \& Child Nutrition published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.

PMID: 33236840 

PMCID: PMC7988873},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, child iron, Dietary Supplements/analysis, Female, Folic Acid, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Newborn, periconceptional, placenta, Pregnancy, Premature Birth, Preschool},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nonterah2021-pc,

title = {Adiposity phenotypes and subclinical atherosclerosis in adults  from sub-Saharan Africa: An H3Africa AWI-gen study},

author = {Engelbert A Nonterah and Michiel L Bots and Abraham Oduro and Godfred Agongo and Cassandra C Soo and Lisa K Micklesfield and Felistas Mashinya and Palwend\'{e} R Boua and Shukri F Mohamed and Alisha N Wade and Catherine Kyobutungi and Halidou Tinto and Shane A Norris and Stephen M Tollman and Mich`ele Ramsay and Diederick E Grobbee and Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch and Nigel J Crowther and AWI-Gen and H3Africa Consortium},

doi = {10.5334/gh.863},

issn = {2211-8179 2211-8160},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-19},

urldate = {2021-03-19},

journal = {Glob. Heart},

volume = {16},

number = {1},

pages = {19},

publisher = {Ubiquity Press, Ltd.},

abstract = {Background: Obesity and adipose tissue distribution contribute 

 to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by 

 promoting atherosclerosis. This association has been poorly 

 studied in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite the rising 

 prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Objectives: We determined 

 the association between various adiposity phenotypes and carotid 

 intima-media thickness (CIMT), a proxy of subclinical 

 atherosclerosis, in a large SSA population. Methods: A 

 population-based cross-sectional study was performed from 

 2013-2016 in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya and South Africa. Body 

 mass index (BMI), waist (WC), hip circumferences (HC), visceral 

 (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) using B-mode 

 ultrasound were measured. Ultrasonography of left and right far 

 wall CIMT of the common carotid artery was used as an indicator 

 of subclinical atherosclerosis. Individual participant data 

 meta-analyses were used to determine the associations between 

 adiposity phenotypes and CIMT in the pooled sample while 

 adjusted multivariable linear regression analyses were used for 

 site specific analyses. Results: Data were obtained from 9,010 

 adults (50.3% women and a mean age of 50$pm$ 6years). Men had 

 higher levels of visceral fat than women while women had higher 

 BMI, waist and hip circumference and subcutaneous fat than men 

 at all sites except Burkina Faso. In the pooled analyses, BMI 

 ($beta$-value [95% CIs]: 19.5 [16.8, 22.3] $mu$m) showed the 

 strongest relationship with CIMT followed by VAT (5.86 [4.65, 

 7.07] $mu$m), SCAT (5.00 [2.85, 7.15] $mu$m), WC (1.27 [1.09, 

 1.44] $mu$m) and HC (1.23 [1.04, 1.42] $mu$m). Stronger 

 associations were observed in men than in women. Conclusion: 

 Obesity within SSA will likely result in higher levels of 

 atherosclerosis and promote the occurrence of cardio- and 

 cerebrovascular events, especially in males, unless addressed 

 through primary prevention of obesity in both rural and urban 

 communities across Africa. The inverse association of VAT with 

 CIMT in Burkina Faso and Ghana requires further investigation. 

 Highlights: All adiposity phenotypes were positively associated 

 with common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in the entire 

 cohort (pooled analyses).BMI had the strongest association with 

 CIMT compared to other phenotypes.The magnitude of association 

 between adiposity phenotypes and CIMT was higher in men than in 

 women.Subcutaneous adipose tissue was inversely associated with 

 CIMT only in women.An unexpected finding was the inverse 

 association of visceral adipose tissue with CIMT in Burkina Faso 

 and Ghana.},

note = {Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s).

PMID: 33833943 

PMCID: PMC7977036},

keywords = {adiposity, Adult, Body Mass Index, cardiovascular   disease, Carotid intima-media thickness, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Ghana, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, obesity, Obesity/complications/epidemiology, Phenotype, Risk Factors, sub-Saharan Africa, subclinical   atherosclerosis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Post2021-zl,

title = {Infection Manager System (IMS) as a new hemocytometry-based  bacteremia detection tool: A diagnostic accuracy study in a  malaria-endemic area of Burkina Faso},

author = {Annelies Post and Berenger Kabor\'{e} and Joel Bognini and Salou Diallo and Palpouguini Lompo and Basile Kam and Natacha Herssens and Fred Opzeeland and Christa E Gaast-de Jongh and Jeroen D Langereis and Marien I Jonge and Janette Rahamat-Langendoen and Teun Bousema and Heiman Wertheim and Robert W Sauerwein and Halidou Tinto and Jan Jacobs and Quirijn Mast and Andre J Ven},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0009187},

issn = {1935-2735 1935-2727},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-01},

urldate = {2021-03-01},

journal = {PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.},

volume = {15},

number = {3},

pages = {e0009187},

publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: New hemocytometric parameters can be used to 

 differentiate causes of acute febrile illness (AFI). We 

 evaluated a software algorithm-Infection Manager System 

 (IMS)-which uses hemocytometric data generated by Sysmex 

 hematology analyzers, for its accuracy to detect bacteremia in 

 AFI patients with and without malaria in Burkina Faso. Secondary 

 aims included comparing the accuracy of IMS with C-reactive 

 protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). METHODS: In a prospective 

 observational study, patients of $geq$ three-month-old (range 3 

 months- 90 years) presenting with AFI were enrolled. IMS, blood 

 culture and malaria diagnostics were done upon inclusion and 

 additional diagnostics on clinical indication. CRP, PCT, viral 

 multiplex PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs and bacterial- and malaria 

 PCR were batch-tested retrospectively. Diagnostic classification 

 was done retrospectively using all available data except IMS, 

 CRP and PCT results. FINDINGS: A diagnosis was affirmed in 549/914 (60.1%) patients and included malaria (n = 191) bacteremia (n = 69), viral infections (n = 145), and malaria-bacteremia co-infections (n = 47). The overall 

 sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 

 IMS for detection of bacteremia in patients of $geq$ 5 years 

 were 97.0% (95% CI: 89.8-99.6), 68.2% (95% CI: 55.6-79.1) 

 and 95.7% (95% CI: 85.5-99.5) respectively, compared to 93.9% 

 (95% CI: 85.2-98.3), 39.4% (95% CI: 27.6-52.2), and 86.7% 

 (95% CI: 69.3-96.2) for CRP at $geq$20mg/L. The sensitivity, 

 specificity and NPV of PCT at 0.5 ng/ml were lower at 

 respectively 72.7% (95% CI: 60.4-83.0), 50.0% (95% CI: 

 37.4-62.6) and 64.7% (95% CI: 50.1-77.6) The diagnostic 

 accuracy of IMS was lower among malaria cases and patients \<5 

 years but remained equal to- or higher than the accuracy of CRP. 

 INTERPRETATION: IMS is a new diagnostic tool to differentiate 

 causes of AFI. Its high NPV for bacteremia has the potential to 

 improve antibiotic dispensing practices in healthcare facilities 

 with hematology analyzers. Future studies are needed to evaluate 

 whether IMS, combined with malaria diagnostics, may be used to 

 rationalize antimicrobial prescription in malaria endemic areas. 

 TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02669823) 

 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02669823.},

note = {PMID: 33647009 

PMCID: PMC7951874},

keywords = {Adolescent, Automation, Bacteremia/diagnosis, Burkina Faso, C-Reactive Protein/analysis, Child, Coinfection/diagnosis/microbiology/parasitology, Female, Fever of Unknown Origin/diagnosis, Humans, Infant, Laboratory/methods, Malaria/diagnosis, Male, Preschool, Procalcitonin/analysis, Prospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Software, Virus Diseases/diagnosis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lompo2021-sk,

title = {Pathogens associated with acute diarrhea, and comorbidity with  malaria among children under five years old in rural Burkina  Faso},

author = {Palpouguini Lompo and Marc Christian Tahita and Hermann Sorgho and William Kabor\'{e} and Adama Kazienga and Ashmed Cheick Bachirou Nana and Hamtandi Magloire Natama and Isidore Juste Ouindgueta Bonkoungou and Nicolas Barro and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.2021.38.259.15864},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-01},

urldate = {2021-03-01},

journal = {Pan Afr. Med. J.},

volume = {38},

pages = {259},

publisher = {Pan African Medical Journal},

abstract = {INTRODUCTION: acute diarrhea in children under five years is a public health problem in developing countries and particularly in malaria-endemic areas where both  diseases co-exist. The present study examined the etiology of childhood diarrhea and  its comorbidity with malaria in a rural area of Burkina Faso. 

METHODS: conventional  culture techniques, direct stools examination, and viruses´ detection by rapid tests  were performed on the fresh stools and microscopy was used to diagnose malaria. Some  risk factors were also assessed. RESULTS: on a total of 191 samples collected, at  least one pathogen was identified in 89 cases (46.6%). The proportions of pathogens  found on the 89 positive stool samples were parasites 51.69% (46 cases), viruses  39.33% (35 cases), and bacteria 14.61% (13 cases), respectively. The relationship  between malaria and infectious diarrhea was significant in viral and parasites  causes (p=0.005 and 0.043 respectively). Fever, vomiting and abdominal pain were the  major symptoms associated with diarrhea, with 71.51%, 31.72% and 23.66%  respectively. The highest viral diarrhea prevalence was reported during the dry  season (OR=5.29, 95% CI: 1.74 - 16.07, p=0.001) while parasite diarrhea was more  encountered during the rainy season (OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.33 - 0.87, p=0.011).  CONCLUSION: Giardia spp and rotavirus were the leading cause of acute diarrhea in  Nanoro, Burkina Faso with a predominance of rotavirus in children less than 2 years.  Parasite and viral diarrhea were the most pathogens associated with malaria.  However, the high rate of negative stool samples suggests the need to determine  other enteric microorganisms.},

note = {Copyright: Palpouguini Lompo et al.

PMID: 34104307 

PMCID: PMC8164431},

keywords = {Abdominal Pain/epidemiology, Acute Disease, bacteria, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Comorbidity, Diarrhea, Diarrhea/epidemiology/microbiology, Female, Fever/epidemiology, Giardiasis/epidemiology, Humans, Infant, infectious, Malaria, Malaria/epidemiology, Male, parasite, pathogens, Preschool, Prevalence, Risk Factors, rotavirus, Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology, Rural Population, Seasons, Vomiting/epidemiology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Natama2021-ft,

title = {Genetic variation in the immune system and malaria  susceptibility in infants: a nested case-control study in  Nanoro, Burkina Faso},

author = {Hamatandi Magloire Natama and Eduard Rovira-Vallbona and Meryam Krit and Pieter Guetens and Hermann Sorgho and M Athanase Som\'{e} and Maminata Traor\'{e}-Coulibaly and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Petra F Mens and Henk D F H Schallig and Dirk Berkvens and Luc Kestens and Halidou Tinto and Anna Rosanas-Urgell},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03628-y},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-02-16},

urldate = {2021-02-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {94},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Genetic polymorphisms in the human immune system 

 modulate susceptibility to malaria. However, there is a paucity 

 of data on the contribution of immunogenetic variants to malaria 

 susceptibility in infants, who present differential biological 

 features related to the immaturity of their adaptive immune 

 system, the protective effect of maternal antibodies and fetal 

 haemoglobin. This study investigated the association between 

 genetic variation in innate immune response genes and malaria 

 susceptibility during the first year of life in 656 infants from 

 a birth cohort survey performed in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. 

 METHODS: Seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 11 

 genes of the immune system previously associated with different 

 malaria phenotypes were genotyped using TaqMan allelic 

 hybridization assays in a Fluidigm platform. Plasmodium 

 falciparum infection and clinical disease were documented by 

 active and passive case detection. Case-control association 

 analyses for both alleles and genotypes were carried out using 

 univariate and multivariate logistic regression. For cytokines 

 showing significant SNP associations in multivariate analyses, 

 cord blood supernatant concentrations were measured by 

 quantitative suspension array technology (Luminex). RESULTS: 

 Genetic variants in IL-1$beta$ (rs1143634) and 

 Fc$gamma$RIIA/CD32 (rs1801274)-both in allelic, dominant and 

 co-dominant models-were significantly associated with protection 

 from both P. falciparum infection and clinical malaria. 

 Furthermore, heterozygote individuals with rs1801274 SNP in 

 Fc$gamma$RIIA/CD32 showed higher IL-1RA levels compared to wild-type homozygotes (P = 0.024), a cytokine whose production 

 is promoted by the binding of IgG immune complexes to Fc$gamma$ 

 receptors on effector immune cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings 

 indicate that genetic polymorphisms in genes driving innate 

 immune responses are associated to malaria susceptibility during 

 the first year of life, possibly by modulating production of 

 inflammatory mediators.},

note = {PMID: 33593344 

PMCID: PMC7885350},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, Case-Control Studies, Cytokines, Falciparum/parasitology, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics, Humans, Immunity, Immunogenetic variants, Infant, Innate immunity, Innate/genetics, Malaria, Male, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum/physiology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sondo2021-at,

title = {Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in symptomatic  patients shows significant association with genetically diverse  infections, anaemia, and asexual stage density},

author = {Paul Sondo and Biebo Bihoun and Marc Christian Tahita and Karim Derra and Toussaint Rouamba and Seydou Nakanabo Diallo and Adama Kazienga and Hamidou Ilboudo and Innocent Valea and Zekiba Tarnagda and Hermann Sorgho and Thierry Lef`evre and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-020-03559-0},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-07},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {31},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multi-genotype malaria infections are frequent in 

 endemic area, and people commonly harbour several genetically 

 distinct Plasmodium falciparum variants. The influence of 

 genetic multiplicity and whether some specific genetic variants 

 are more or less likely to invest into gametocyte production is 

 not clearly understood. This study explored host and 

 parasite-related risk factors for gametocyte carriage, and the 

 extent to which some specific P. falciparum genetic variants are 

 associated with gametocyte carriage. METHODS: Gametocytes and 

 asexual forms were detected by light microscopy on thick smears 

 collected between 2010 and 2012 in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. 

 Merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 were genotyped by nested PCR 

 on clinical samples. Associations between gametocyte carriage 

 and factors, including multiplicity of infection, parasite 

 density, patient age, gender, haemoglobin (Hb) level, and body 

 temperature were assessed. The relationship between the presence 

 of a particular msp1 and msp2 genetic variants and gametocyte 

 carriage was also explored. RESULTS: Of the 724 samples positive 

 to P. falciparum and successfully genotyped, gametocytes were 

 found in 48 samples (6.63%). There was no effect of patient 

 gender, age and body temperature on gametocyte carriage. 

 However, the probability of gametocyte carriage significantly 

 increased with increasing values of multiplicity of infection 

 (MOI). Furthermore, there was a negative association between 

 parasite density and gametocyte carriage. MOI decreased with 

 parasite density in gametocyte-negative patients, but increased 

 in gametocyte carriers. The probability of gametocyte carriage 

 decreased with Hb level. Finally, the genetic composition of the 

 infection influenced gametocyte carriage. In particular, the 

 presence of RO33 increased the odds of developing gametocytes by 

 2 while the other allelic families K1, MAD20, FC27, and 3D7 had 

 no significant impact on the occurrence of gametocytes in 

 infected patients. CONCLUSION: This study provides insight into 

 potential factors influencing gametocyte production in 

 symptomatic patients. The findings contribute to enhance 

 understanding of risk factors associated with gametocyte 

 carriage in humans. Trial registration NCT01232530.},

note = {PMID: 33413393 

PMCID: PMC7791700},

keywords = {Anemia/epidemiology/parasitology, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Falciparum/epidemiology/parasitology, Gametocyte, Humans, Malaria, msp1, msp2, Multiplicity of infection, Plasmodium   falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum/physiology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ouedraogo2020-vc,

title = {A microplanning model to improve door-to-door health service  delivery: the case of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention in  Sub-Saharan African villages},

author = {Andr\'{e} Lin Ou\'{e}draogo and Julie Zhang and Halidou Tinto and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Edward A Wenger},

doi = {10.1186/s12913-020-05972-2},

issn = {1472-6963},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-07},

urldate = {2020-12-01},

journal = {BMC Health Serv. Res.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {1128},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria incidence has plateaued in Sub-Saharan 

 Africa despite Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention's (SMC) 

 introduction. Community health workers (CHW) use a door-to-door 

 delivery strategy to treat children with SMC drugs, but for SMC 

 to be as effective as in clinical trials, coverage must be high 

 over successive seasons. METHODS: We developed and used a 

 microplanning model that utilizes population raster to estimate 

 population size, generates optimal households visit itinerary, 

 and quantifies SMC coverage based on CHWs' time investment for 

 treatment and walking. CHWs' performance under current SMC 

 deployment mode was assessed using CHWs' tracking data and 

 compared to microplanning in villages with varying demographics 

 and geographies. RESULTS: Estimates showed that microplanning 

 significantly reduces CHWs' walking distance by 25%, increases 

 the number of visited households by 36% (p \< 0.001) and 

 increases SMC coverage by 21% from 37.3% under current SMC 

 deployment mode up to 58.3% under microplanning (p \< 0.001). 

 Optimal visit itinerary alone increased SMC coverage up to 100% 

 in small villages whereas in larger or hard-to-reach villages, 

 filling the gap additionally needed an optimization of the CHW 

 ratio. CONCLUSION: We estimate that for a pair of CHWs, the 

 daily optimal number of visited children (assuming 8.5mn spent 

 per child) and walking distance should not exceed 45 (95% CI 

 27-62) and 5 km (95% CI 3.2-6.2) respectively. Our work 

 contributes to extend SMC coverage by 21-63% and may have 

 broader applicability for other community health programs.},

note = {PMID: 33287825 

PMCID: PMC7720067},

keywords = {Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology, Antimalarials/therapeutic use, Burkina Faso, Chemoprevention, Child, CHW, Community health worker, Door-to-door, Health Services, Humans, Malaria, Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Microplanning, Model, Satellite imagerySeasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons, SMC},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Skrip2020-fq,

title = {Clinical management and mortality among COVID-19 cases in  sub-Saharan Africa: A retrospective study from Burkina Faso and  simulated case analysis},

author = {Laura Skrip and Karim Derra and Mikaila Kabor\'{e} and Navideh Noori and Adama Gansan\'{e} and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Halidou Tinto and Bicaba W Brice and Mollie Van Gordon and Brittany Hagedorn and Herv\'{e} Hien and Benjamin M Althouse and Edward A Wenger and Andr\'{e} Lin Ou\'{e}draogo},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1432},

issn = {1878-3511 1201-9712},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-01},

urldate = {2020-12-01},

journal = {Int. J. Infect. Dis.},

volume = {101},

pages = {194--200},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Absolute numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths 

 reported to date in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region have 

 been significantly lower than those across the Americas, Asia 

 and Europe. As a result, there has been limited information 

 about the demographic and clinical characteristics of deceased 

 cases in the region, as well as the impacts of different case 

 management strategies. METHODS: Data from deceased cases 

 reported across SSA through 10 May 2020 and from hospitalized 

 cases in Burkina Faso through 15 April 2020 were analyzed. 

 Demographic, epidemiological and clinical information on 

 deceased cases in SSA was derived through a line-list of 

 publicly available information and, for cases in Burkina Faso, 

 from aggregate records at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire 

 de Tengandogo in Ouagadougou. A synthetic case population was 

 probabilistically derived using distributions of age, sex and 

 underlying conditions from populations of West African countries 

 to assess individual risk factors and treatment effect sizes. 

 Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the 

 adjusted odds of survival for patients receiving oxygen therapy 

 or convalescent plasma, based on therapeutic effectiveness 

 observed for other respiratory illnesses. RESULTS: Across SSA, 

 deceased cases for which demographic data were available were 

 predominantly male (63/103, 61.2%) and aged \>50 years (59/75, 

 78.7%). In Burkina Faso, specifically, the majority of deceased 

 cases either did not seek care at all or were hospitalized for a 

 single day (59.4%, 19/32). Hypertension and diabetes were often 

 reported as underlying conditions. After adjustment for sex, age 

 and underlying conditions in the synthetic case population, the 

 odds of mortality for cases not receiving oxygen therapy were 

 significantly higher than for those receiving oxygen, such as 

 due to disruptions to standard care (OR 2.07; 95% CI 

 1.56-2.75). Cases receiving convalescent plasma had 50% reduced 

 odds of mortality than those who did not (95% CI 0.24-0.93). 

 CONCLUSIONS: Investment in sustainable production and 

 maintenance of supplies for oxygen therapy, along with messaging 

 around early and appropriate use for healthcare providers, 

 caregivers and patients could reduce COVID-19 deaths in SSA. 

 Further investigation into convalescent plasma is warranted 

 until data on its effectiveness specifically in treating 

 COVID-19 becomes available. The success of supportive or 

 curative clinical interventions will depend on earlier treatment 

 seeking, such that community engagement and risk communication 

 will be critical components of the response.},

note = {Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

PMID: 32987177 

PMCID: PMC7518969},

keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Africa South of the Sahara, Aged, Antiviral Agents/administration \& dosage, Asia/epidemiology, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infection: convalescent plasma, COVID-19/drug therapy/epidemiology/mortality/therapy, Europe/epidemiology, Female, Health systems strengthening, Humans, Immunization, Infant, Male, Mortality, Oxygen therapy, Pandemics, Passive, Preschool, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/physiology, sub-Saharan Africa, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Analytical sensitivity of loopamp and quantitative real-time PCR on dried blood spots and their potential role in monitoring human African trypanosomiasis elimination.},

author = {Charlie Franck Alfred Compaor\'{e} and Hamidou Ilboudo and Jacques Kabor\'{e} and Justin Windingoudi Kabor\'{e} and Oumou Camara and Mohamed Bamba and Hassane Sakande and Minay\'{e}gninrin Kon\'{e} and Mamadou Camara and Dramane Kaba and Adrien Marie Gaston Belem and Stijn Deborggraeve and Philippe B\"{u}scher and Bruno Bucheton and Veerle Lejon and Vincent Jamonneau},

doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108014},

issn = {1090-2449 0014-4894},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-01},

urldate = {2020-12-01},

journal = {Experimental parasitology},

volume = {219},

pages = {108014},

address = {United States},

abstract = {The objective set by WHO to reach elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) as a public health problem by 2020 is being achieved. The next target is the interruption of gambiense-HAT transmission in humans by 2030. To monitor progress towards this target, in areas where specialized local HAT control capacities will disappear, is a major challenge. Test specimens should be easily collectable and safely transportable such as dried blood spots (DBS). Monitoring tests performed in regional reference centres should be reliable, cheap and allow analysis of large numbers of specimens in a high-throughput format. The aim of this study was to assess the analytical sensitivity of Loopamp, M18S quantitative real-time PCR (M18S qPCR) and TgsGP qPCR as molecular diagnostic tests for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in DBS. The sensitivity of the Loopamp test, with a detection limit of 100 trypanosomes/mL, was in the range of parasitaemias commonly observed in HAT patients, while detection limits for M18S and TgsGP qPCR were respectively 1000 and 10,000 trypanosomes/mL. None of the tests was entirely suitable for high-throughput use and further development and implementation of sensitive high-throughput molecular tools for monitoring HAT elimination are needed.},

keywords = {African/blood/diagnosis/*prevention \& control, Algorithms, Animals, Blood Specimen Collection/methods/standards, Diagnosis, DNA, Dried blood spots, Feasibility, High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods/standards, Humans, Loopamp, Mice, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/*standards, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*standards, Protozoan/isolation \& purification, Quantitative real-time PCR, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods/*standards, Sensitivity, Sensitivity and Specificity, Specimen Handling/methods/standards, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Trypanosomiasis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {High Levels of Genetic Diversity within Nilo-Saharan Populations: Implications for Human Adaptation.},

author = {Julius Mulindwa and Harry Noyes and Hamidou Ilboudo and Luca Pagani and Oscar Nyangiri and Magambo Phillip Kimuda and Bernardin Ahouty and Olivier Fataki Asina and Elvis Ofon and Kelita Kamoto and Justin Windingoudi Kabore and Mathurin Koffi and Dieudonne Mumba Ngoyi and Gustave Simo and John Chisi and Issa Sidibe and John Enyaru and Martin Simuunza and Pius Alibu and Vincent Jamonneau and Mamadou Camara and Andy Tait and Neil Hall and Bruno Bucheton and Annette MacLeod and Christiane Hertz-Fowler and Enock Matovu},

doi = {10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.07.007},

issn = {1537-6605 0002-9297},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-09-01},

urldate = {2020-09-01},

journal = {American journal of human genetics},

volume = {107},

issue = {3},

pages = {473-486},

abstract = {Africa contains more human genetic variation than any other continent, but the majority of the population-scale analyses of the African peoples have focused on just two of the four major linguistic groups, the Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic, leaving the Nilo-Saharan and Khoisan populations under-represented. In order to assess genetic variation and signatures of selection within a Nilo-Saharan population and between the Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic, we sequenced 50 genomes from the Nilo-Saharan Lugbara population of North-West Uganda and 250 genomes from 6 previously unsequenced Niger-Congo populations. We compared these data to data from a further 16 Eurasian and African populations including the Gumuz, another putative Nilo-Saharan population from Ethiopia. Of the 21 million variants identified in the Nilo-Saharan population, 3.57 million (17%) were not represented in dbSNP and included predicted non-synonymous mutations with possible phenotypic effects. We found greater genetic differentiation between the Nilo-Saharan Lugbara and Gumuz populations than between any two Afro-Asiatic or Niger-Congo populations. F3 tests showed that Gumuz contributed a genetic component to most Niger-Congo B populations whereas Lugabara did not. We scanned the genomes of the Lugbara for evidence of selective sweeps. We found selective sweeps at four loci (SLC24A5, SNX13, TYRP1, and UVRAG) associated with skin pigmentation, three of which already have been reported to be under selection. These selective sweeps point toward adaptations to the intense UV radiation of the Sahel.},

keywords = {*Nilo-Saharan, *population genetic variation, *signatures of selection, Adaptation, Antiporters/genetics, Blacks/genetics, Data Management, Ethiopia/epidemiology, Female, Genetic Variation/*genetics, Genetic/*genetics, Genetics, Genome, Haplotypes/genetics, Human/genetics, Humans, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics, Oxidoreductases/genetics, Physiological/*genetics, Polymorphism, Population, Selection, Single Nucleotide/genetics, Skin Pigmentation/*genetics, Sorting Nexins/genetics, Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics, Uganda/epidemiology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}