@article{Nonterah2019-zz,

title = {Classical cardiovascular risk factors and HIV are associated  with carotid intima-media thickness in adults from sub-Saharan  Africa: Findings from H3Africa AWI-Gen study},

author = {Engelbert A Nonterah and Palwende R Boua and Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch and Gershim Asiki and Lisa K Micklesfield and Godfred Agongo and Stuart A Ali and Felistas Mashinya and Herman Sorgho and Seydou Nakanabo-Diallo and Cornelius Debpuur and Catherine Kyobutungi and Marianne Alberts and Shane Norris and Stephen Tollman and Halidou Tinto and Cassandra C Soo and Freedom Mukomana and Scott Hazelhurst and Alisha N Wade and Kathleen Kahn and Abraham R Oduro and Diederick E Grobbee and Osman Sankoh and Mich`ele Ramsay and Michiel L Bots and Nigel J Crowther and members and AWI-Gen and H3Africa Consortium},

doi = {10.1161/JAHA.118.011506},

issn = {2047-9980},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-07-01},

urldate = {2019-07-01},

journal = {J. Am. Heart Assoc.},

volume = {8},

number = {14},

pages = {e011506},

publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},

abstract = {Background Studies on the determinants of carotid intima-media 

 thickness ( CIMT ), a marker of sub-clinical atherosclerosis, 

 mostly come from white, Asian, and diasporan black populations. 

 We present CIMT data from sub-Saharan Africa, which is 

 experiencing a rising burden of cardiovascular diseases and 

 infectious diseases. Methods and Results The H3 (Human 

 Hereditary and Health) in Africa's AWI-Gen (African-Wits-INDEPTH 

 partnership for Genomic) study is a cross-sectional study 

 conducted in adults aged 40 to 60 years from Burkina Faso, 

 Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa. Cardiovascular disease risk and 

 ultrasonography of the CIMT of right and left common carotids 

 were measured. Multivariable linear and mixed-effect multilevel 

 regression modeling was applied to determine factors related to 

 CIMT. Data included 8872 adults (50.8% men), mean age of 

 50$pm$6 years with age- and sex-adjusted mean ($pm$SE) CIMT of 

 640$pm$123$mu$m. Participants from Ghana and Burkina Faso had higher CIMT compared with other sites. Age ($beta$ = 6.77, 

 95%CI [6.34-7.19]), body mass index (17.6[12.5-22.8]), systolic 

 blood pressure (7.52[6.21-8.83]), low-density lipoprotein 

 cholesterol (5.08[2.10-8.06]) and men (10.3[4.75- 15.9]) were 

 associated with higher CIMT. Smoking was associated with higher 

 CIMT in men. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-12.2 [-17.9- 

 -6.41]), alcohol consumption (-13.5 [-19.1--7.91]) and HIV 

 (-8.86 [-15.7--2.03]) were inversely associated with CIMT. 

 Conclusions Given the rising prevalence of cardiovascular 

 diseases risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa, atherosclerotic 

 diseases may become a major pan-African epidemic unless 

 preventive measures are taken particularly for prevention of 

 hypertension, obesity, and smoking. HIV -specific studies are 

 needed to fully understand the association between HIV and CIMT 

 in sub-Saharan Africa.},

keywords = {cardiovascular disease; carotid intima-media thickness;   epidemiological transition; prevention; sub-Saharan Africa},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Waiswa2019-yw,

title = {Status of birth and pregnancy outcome capture in Health  Demographic Surveillance Sites in 13 countries},

author = {Peter Waiswa and Joseph Akuze and Cheryl Moyer and Doris Kwesiga and Samuelina Arthur and Osman Sankoh and Paul Welaga and Martin Bangha and Jacques Eminas and Sheru Muuo and Abdhalah Ziraba and Kate Kerber and INDEPTH Network MNCH team},

doi = {10.1007/s00038-019-01241-0},

issn = {1661-8564 1661-8556},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-07-01},

urldate = {2019-07-01},

journal = {Int. J. Public Health},

volume = {64},

number = {6},

pages = {909--920},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We compared pregnancy identification methods and 

 outcome capture across 31 Health Demographic Surveillance System 

 (HDSS) sites in 14 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. 

 METHODS: From 2009 to 2014, details on the sites and 

 surveillance systems including frequency of update rounds, 

 characteristics of enumerators and interviewers, acceptable 

 respondents were collected and compared across sites. RESULTS: 

 The 31 HDSS had a combined population of over 2,905,602 with 

 165,820 births for the period. Stillbirth rate ranged from 1.9 

 to 42.6 deaths per 1000 total births and the neonatal mortality 

 rate from 2.6 to 41.6 per 1000 live births. Three quarters 

 (75.3%) of recorded neonatal deaths occurred in the first week 

 of life. The proportion of infant deaths that occurred in the 

 neonatal period ranged from 8 to 83%, with a median of 53%. 

 Sites that registered pregnancies upon locating a live baby in 

 the routine household surveillance round had lower recorded 

 mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS: Increased attention and 

 standardization of pregnancy surveillance and the time of birth 

 will improve data collection and provide platforms for 

 evaluations and availability of data for decision-making with 

 implications for national planning.},

keywords = {Demographic Surveillance Sites; INDEPTH Network; Maternal   Newborn Child Health Working Group; Mortality; Neonatal;   Perinatal mortality; Stillbirth},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chandramohan2019-ec,

title = {Effect of adding azithromycin to seasonal malaria chemoprevention},

author = {Daniel Chandramohan and Alassane Dicko and Issaka Zongo and Issaka Sagara and Matthew Cairns and Irene Kuepfer and Modibo Diarra and Amadou Barry and Amadou Tapily and Frederic Nikiema and Serge Yerbanga and Samba Coumare and Ismaila Thera and Abdourhamane Traore and Paul Milligan and Halidou Tinto and Ogobara Doumbo and Jean-Bosco Ouedraogo and Brian Greenwood},

doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1811400},

issn = {1533-4406 0028-4793},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-06-01},

urldate = {2019-06-01},

journal = {N. Engl. J. Med.},

volume = {380},

number = {23},

pages = {2197--2206},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mass administration of azithromycin for trachoma 

 control led to a sustained reduction in all-cause mortality among 

 Ethiopian children. Whether the addition of azithromycin to the 

 monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine used for 

 seasonal malaria chemoprevention could reduce mortality and 

 morbidity among African children was unclear. METHODS: We 

 randomly assigned children 3 to 59 months of age, according to 

 household, to receive either azithromycin or placebo, together 

 with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine, during the 

 annual malaria-transmission season in Burkina Faso and Mali. The 

 drug combinations were administered in four 3-day cycles, at 

 monthly intervals, for three successive seasons. The primary end 

 point was death or hospital admission for at least 24 hours that 

 was not due to trauma or elective surgery. Data were recorded by 

 means of active and passive surveillance. RESULTS: In July 2014, 

 a total of 19,578 children were randomly assigned to receive 

 seasonal malaria chemoprevention plus either azithromycin (9735 

 children) or placebo (9843 children); each year, children who 

 reached 5 years of age exited the trial and new children were 

 enrolled. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the overall number 

 of deaths and hospital admissions during three 

 malaria-transmission seasons was 250 in the azithromycin group 

 and 238 in the placebo group (events per 1000 child-years at 

 risk, 24.8 vs. 23.5; incidence rate ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence 

 interval [CI], 0.88 to 1.3). Results were similar in the 

 per-protocol analysis. The following events occurred less 

 frequently with azithromycin than with placebo: gastrointestinal 

 infections (1647 vs. 1985 episodes; incidence rate ratio, 0.85; 

 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.91), upper respiratory tract infections (4893 

 vs. 5763 episodes; incidence rate ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81 to 

 0.90), and nonmalarial febrile illnesses (1122 vs. 1424 episodes; 

 incidence rate ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.87). The 

 prevalence of malaria parasitemia and incidence of adverse events 

 were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among children in 

 Burkina Faso and Mali, the addition of azithromycin to the 

 antimalarial agents used for seasonal malaria chemoprevention did 

 not result in a lower incidence of death or hospital admission 

 that was not due to trauma or surgery than antimalarial agents 

 plus placebo, although a lower disease burden was noted with 

 azithromycin than with placebo. (Funded by the Joint Global 

 Health Trials scheme; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02211729.).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Post2019-iz,

title = {The XN-30 hematology analyzer for rapid sensitive detection of  malaria: a diagnostic accuracy study},

author = {Annelies Post and Berenger Kabor\'{e} and Isaie J Reuling and Joel Bognini and Wouter Heijden and Salou Diallo and Palpouguini Lompo and Basile Kam and Natacha Herssens and Kjerstin Lanke and Teun Bousema and Robert W Sauerwein and Halidou Tinto and Jan Jacobs and Quirijn Mast and Andre J Ven},

doi = {10.1186/s12916-019-1334-5},

issn = {1741-7015},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-05-01},

urldate = {2019-05-01},

journal = {BMC Med.},

volume = {17},

number = {1},

pages = {103},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Accurate and timely diagnosis of malaria is 

 essential for disease management and surveillance. Thin and 

 thick blood smear microscopy and malaria rapid diagnostic tests 

 (RDTs) are standard malaria diagnostics, but both methods have 

 limitations. The novel automated hematology analyzer XN-30 

 provides standard complete blood counts (CBC) as well as 

 quantification of malaria parasitemia at the price of a CBC. 

 This study assessed the accuracy of XN-30 for malaria detection 

 in a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study and a phase 

 3 diagnostic accuracy study in Burkina Faso. METHODS: Sixteen 

 healthy, malaria-naive CHMI participants were challenged with 

 five Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes. Blood was 

 sampled daily for XN-30, blood smear microscopy, and malaria 

 qPCR. The accuracy study included patients aged \> 3 months 

 presenting with acute febrile illness. XN-30, microscopy, and 

 rapid diagnostic tests (HRP-2/pLDH) were performed on site; qPCR 

 was done in retrospect. The malaria reference standard was 

 microscopy, and results were corrected for sub-microscopic 

 cases. RESULTS: All CHMI participants became parasitemic by qPCR and XN-30 with a strong correlation for parasite density (R2 = 

 0.91; p \< .0001). The XN-30 accurately monitored treatment and 

 allowed detection of recrudescence. Out of 908 patients in the 

 accuracy study, 241 had microscopic malaria (density 24-491,802 

 parasites/$mu$L). The sensitivity and specificity of XN-30 compared to microscopy were 98.7% and 99.4% (PPV = 98.7},

keywords = {Burkina Faso; Diagnosis; Malaria; Sensitivity; Specificity},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dobano2019-il,

title = {Concentration and avidity of antibodies to different  circumsporozoite epitopes correlate with RTS,S/AS01E malaria  vaccine efficacy},

author = {Carlota Doba no and H`ector Sanz and Hermann Sorgho and David Dosoo and Maximilian Mpina and Itziar Ubillos and Ruth Aguilar and Tom Ford and N'uria D'iez-Padrisa and Nana Aba Williams and Aintzane Ayestaran and Ousmane Traore and Augusto J Nhabomba and Chenjerai Jairoce and John Waitumbi and Selidji Todagbe Agnandji and Simon Kariuki and Salim Abdulla and John J Aponte and Benjamin Mordm\"{u}ller and Kwaku Poku Asante and Seth Owusu-Agyei and Halidou Tinto and Joseph J Campo and Gemma Moncunill and Ben Gyan and Clarissa Valim and Claudia Daubenberger},

doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-10195-z},

issn = {2041-1723},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-05-01},

urldate = {2019-05-01},

journal = {Nat. Commun.},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

pages = {2174},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {RTS,S/AS01E has been tested in a phase 3 malaria vaccine study 

 with partial efficacy in African children and infants. In a 

 cohort of 1028 subjects from one low (Bagomoyo) and two high 

 (Nanoro, Kintampo) malaria transmission sites, we analysed IgG 

 plasma/serum concentration and avidity to CSP (NANP-repeat and 

 C-terminal domains) after a 3-dose vaccination against time to 

 clinical malaria events during 12-months. Here we report that 

 RTS,S/AS01E induces substantial increases in IgG levels from 

 pre- to post-vaccination (p \< 0.001), higher in NANP than 

 C-terminus (2855 vs 1297 proportional change between means), and 

 higher concentrations and avidities in children than infants (p 

 \< 0.001). Baseline CSP IgG levels are elevated in malaria cases 

 than controls (p \< 0.001). Both, IgG magnitude to NANP (hazard 

 ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.61 [0.48-0.76]) and avidity 

 to C-terminus (0.07 [0.05-0.90]) post-vaccination are 

 significantly associated with vaccine efficacy. IgG avidity to 

 the C-terminus emerges as a significant contributor to 

 RTS,S/AS01E-mediated protection.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brabin2019-tw,

title = {Excess risk of preterm birth with periconceptional iron  supplementation in a malaria endemic area: analysis of secondary  data on birth outcomes in a double blind randomized controlled  safety trial in Burkina Faso},

author = {Bernard Brabin and Sabine Gies and Stephen A Roberts and Salou Diallo and Olga M Lompo and Adama Kazienga and Loretta Brabin and Sayouba Ouedraogo and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-019-2797-8},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-05-01},

urldate = {2019-05-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {18},

number = {1},

pages = {161},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Iron supplementation before a first pregnancy may 

 improve the future health of mother and baby by reducing 

 maternal anaemia. Iron supplementation could, however, increase 

 malaria infections, notably in primigravidae who are most 

 susceptible. The pathogenicity of other iron-utilizing pathogens 

 could also increase, causing inflammation leading to increased 

 risk of adverse birth outcomes. This paper reports pre-specified 

 secondary birth outcomes from a safety trial in Burkina Faso in 

 an area of high malaria endemicity. Primary outcomes from that 

 trial had investigated effects of long-term weekly iron 

 supplementation on malaria and genital tract infections in 

 non-pregnant and pregnant women. METHODS: A double-blind, 

 randomized controlled trial. Nulliparous, mainly adolescent 

 women, were individually randomized periconceptionally to 

 receive weekly either 60 mg elemental iron and 2.8 mg folic 

 acid, or 2.8 mg folic acid alone, continuing up to the first 

 antenatal visit for those becoming pregnant. Secondary outcomes 

 were ultrasound-dated gestational age, fetal growth, placental 

 malaria, chorioamnionitis and iron biomarkers. Seasonal effects 

 were assessed. Analysis was by intention to treat. RESULTS: 478 

 pregnancies occurred to 1959 women: 258/980 women assigned iron 

 and folic acid and 220/979 women assigned folic acid alone. 

 Malaria prevalence at the first antenatal visit was 53% (iron) 

 and 55% (controls). Mean birthweight was 111 g lower in the iron group (95% CI 9:213},

keywords = {Adolescents; Burkina Faso; Fetal growth; Iron supplements;   Malaria; Preterm birth},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Guerra_Mendoza2019-at,

title = {Safety profile of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in infants  and children: additional data from a phase III randomized  controlled trial in sub-Saharan Africa},

author = {Yolanda Guerra Mendoza and Elodie Garric and Amanda Leach and Marc Lievens and Opokua Ofori-Anyinam and Jean-Yves Pirc con and Jens-Ulrich Stegmann and Pascale Vandoolaeghe and Lucas Otieno and Walter Otieno and Seth Owusu-Agyei and Jahit Sacarlal and Nahya Salim Masoud and Hermann Sorgho and Marcel Tanner and Halidou Tinto and Innocent Valea and Ali Takadir Mtoro and Patricia Njuguna and Martina Oneko and Godfrey Allan Otieno and Kephas Otieno and Samwel Gesase and Mary J Hamel and Irving Hoffman and Seyram Kaali and Portia Kamthunzi and Peter Kremsner and Miguel Lanaspa and Bertrand Lell and John Lusingu and Anangisye Malabeja and Pedro Aide and Pauline Akoo and Daniel Ansong and Kwaku Poku Asante and James A Berkley and Samuel Adjei and Tsiri Agbenyega and Selidji Todagbe Agnandji and Lode Schuerman},

doi = {10.1080/21645515.2019.1586040},

issn = {2164-554X 2164-5515},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-04-01},

urldate = {2019-04-01},

journal = {Hum. Vaccin. Immunother.},

volume = {15},

number = {10},

pages = {2386--2398},

publisher = {Informa UK Limited},

abstract = {A phase III, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial 

 (NCT00866619) in sub-Saharan Africa showed RTS,S/AS01 vaccine 

 efficacy against malaria. We now present in-depth safety results 

 from this study. 8922 children (enrolled at 5-17 months) and 

 6537 infants (enrolled at 6-12 weeks) were 1:1:1-randomized to 

 receive 4 doses of RTS,S/AS01 (R3R) or non-malaria control 

 vaccine (C3C), or 3 RTS,S/AS01 doses plus control (R3C). 

 Aggregate safety data were reviewed by a multi-functional team. 

 Severe malaria with Blantyre Coma Score $\leq$2 (cerebral 

 malaria [CM]) and gender-specific mortality were assessed 

 post-hoc. Serious adverse event (SAE) and fatal SAE incidences 

 throughout the study were 24.2%-28.4% and 1.5%-2.5%, 

 respectively across groups; 0.0%-0.3% of participants reported 

 vaccination-related SAEs. The incidence of febrile convulsions 

 in children was higher during the first 2-3 days 

 post-vaccination with RTS,S/AS01 than with control vaccine, 

 consistent with the time window of post-vaccination febrile 

 reactions in this study (mostly the day after vaccination). A 

 statistically significant numerical imbalance was observed for 

 meningitis cases in children (R3R: 11, R3C: 10, C3C: 1) but not 

 in infants. CM cases were more frequent in RTS,S/AS01-vaccinated 

 children (R3R: 19, R3C: 24, C3C: 10) but not in infants. 

 All-cause mortality was higher in RTS,S/AS01-vaccinated versus 

 control girls (2.4% vs 1.3%, all ages) in our setting with low 

 overall mortality. The observed meningitis and CM signals are 

 considered likely chance findings, that - given their severity - 

 warrant further evaluation in phase IV studies and WHO-led pilot 

 implementation programs to establish the RTS,S/AS01 benefit-risk 

 profile in real-life settings.},

keywords = {(5-10): Malaria; RTS, S/AS01 vaccine; cerebral malaria; febrile   convulsions; meningitis; safety},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nambozi2019-dg,

title = {Artemisinin-based combination therapy during pregnancy: outcome  of pregnancy and infant mortality: a cohort study},

author = {Michael Nambozi and Halidou Tinto and Victor Mwapasa and Harry Tagbor and Jean-Bertin Bukasa Kabuya and Sebastian Hachizovu and Maminata Traor\'{e} and Innocent Valea and Marc Christian Tahita and Gifty Ampofo and Jozefien Buyze and Raffaella Ravinetto and Diana Arango and Kamala Thriemer and Modest Mulenga and Jean-Pierre Geertruyden and Umberto D'Alessandro},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-019-2737-7},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-03-01},

urldate = {2019-03-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {18},

number = {1},

pages = {105},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation 

 of treating uncomplicated malaria during the second and third 

 trimester of pregnancy with an artemisinin-based combination 

 therapy (ACT) has already been implemented by all sub-Saharan 

 African countries. However, there is limited knowledge on the 

 effect of ACT on pregnancy outcomes, and on newborn and infant's 

 health. METHODS: Pregnant women with malaria in four countries 

 (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi and Zambia) were treated with 

 either artemether-lumefantrine (AL), amodiaquine-artesunate 

 (ASAQ), mefloquine-artesunate (MQAS), or 

 dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PQ); 3127 live new-borns 

 (822 in the AL, 775 in the ASAQ, 765 in the MQAS and 765 in the 

 DHAPQ arms) were followed-up until their first birthday. 

 RESULTS: Prevalence of placental malaria and low birth weight 

 were 28.0% (738/2646) and 16.0% (480/2999), respectively, with 

 no significant differences between treatment arms. No differences in congenital malformations (p = 0.35), perinatal mortality (p = 0.77), neonatal mortality (p = 0.21), and infant mortality (p = 0.96) were found. CONCLUSIONS: Outcome of 

 pregnancy and infant survival were similar between treatment 

 arms indicating that any of the four artemisinin-based 

 combinations could be safely used during the second and third 

 trimester of pregnancy without any adverse effect on the baby. 

 Nevertheless, smaller safety differences between 

 artemisinin-based combinations cannot be excluded; country-wide 

 post-marketing surveillance would be very helpful to confirm 

 such findings. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, 

 NCT00852423, Registered on 27 February 2009, 

 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00852423.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Birgersson2019-ri,

title = {Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin  in pregnant and non-pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium  falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso: an open label trial},

author = {Sofia Birgersson and Innocent Valea and Halidou Tinto and Maminata Traore-Coulibaly and Laeticia C Toe and Richard M Hoglund and Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden and Stephen A Ward and Umberto D'Alessandro and Angela Abel\"{o} and Joel Tarning},

doi = {10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14849.2},

issn = {2398-502X},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-03-01},

urldate = {2019-03-01},

journal = {Wellcome Open Res.},

volume = {4},

pages = {45},

publisher = {F1000 Research Ltd},

abstract = {Background: Malaria during pregnancy is a major health risk for 

 both the mother and the foetus. Pregnancy has been shown to 

 influence the pharmacokinetics of a number of different 

 antimalarial drugs. This might lead to an under-exposure in 

 these patients which could increase the risk of treatment 

 failure and the development of drug resistance. The study aim 

 was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of artesunate and 

 dihydroartemisinin in pregnant and non-pregnant patients using a 

 population modelling approach. Methods: Twenty-four women in 

 their second and third trimester of pregnancy and twenty-four 

 paired non-pregnant women, all with uncomplicated P. falciparum 

 malaria, were enrolled in this study. Treatment was a fixed-dose 

 combination of oral artesunate and mefloquine once daily for 

 three days. Frequent blood samples were collected and 

 concentration-time data for artesunate and dihydroartemisinin 

 were analysed simultaneously using nonlinear mixed-effects 

 modelling. Results: Artesunate pharmacokinetics was best 

 described by a transit-compartment absorption model followed by 

 a one-compartment disposition model under the assumption of 

 complete in vivo conversion of artesunate into 

 dihydroartemisinin. Dihydroartemisinin pharmacokinetics was best 

 described by a one-compartment disposition model with 

 first-order elimination. Pregnant women had a 21% higher 

 elimination clearance of dihydroartemisinin, compared to 

 non-pregnant women, resulting in proportionally lower drug 

 exposure. In addition, initial parasitaemia and liver status 

 (alanine aminotransferase) were found to affect the relative 

 bioavailability of artesunate. Conclusions: Results presented 

 here show a substantially lower drug exposure to the 

 antimalarial drug dihydroartemisinin during pregnancy after 

 standard oral treatment of artesunate and mefloquine. This might 

 result in an increased risk of treatment failure and drug 

 resistance development, especially in low transmission settings 

 where relative immunity is lower. Trial registration: 

 ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00701961 (19/06/2008).},

keywords = {Artemisinin-based combination therapy; Artesunate;   Dihydroartemisinin; Malaria; Mefloquine; NONMEM; Population   pharmacokinetics; Pregnancy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rouamba2019-xv,

title = {High adherence level to artemisinin-based combination therapies  in rural settlement 11 years after their introduction in the  health system, Nanoro, Burkina Faso},

author = {Toussaint Rouamba and Paul Sondo and Isidore W Yerbanga and Adelaide Compaore and Maminata Traore-Coulibaly and Franck S Hien and Nassirou A Diande and Daniel Valia and Innocent Valea and Patricia Akweongo and Rita Baiden and Fred Binka and Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.2147/PPA.S190927},

issn = {1177-889X},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-02-01},

urldate = {2019-02-01},

journal = {Patient Prefer. Adherence},

volume = {13},

pages = {371--380},

publisher = {Dove Medical Press Ltd.},

abstract = {Purpose: In 2005, Burkina Faso changed its first-line treatment 

 for uncomplicated malaria from chloroquine to artemisinin-based 

 combination therapies (ACTs). Patient adherence to ACTs regimen 

 is a keystone to achieve the expected therapeutic outcome and 

 prevent the emergence and spread of parasite resistance. Eleven 

 years after the introduction of ACTs in the health system, this 

 study aimed to measure adherence level of patients in rural 

 settlement and investigate the determinants of nonadherence. 

 Patients and methods: The study was carried out at public 

 peripheral health facilities from May 2017 to August 2017 in 

 Nanoro health district, Burkina Faso. An electronic 

 semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection from 

 patients with an ACT prescription at their medical consultation 

 exit visit and during home visit at day 5$pm$2. Adherence level 

 was measured through self-report and pill counts. Logistic 

 regression was performed to identify factors for nonadherence. 

 Results: The analysis was conducted on 199 outpatients who 

 received ACT as prescription. About 92.5% of ACT prescriptions 

 included artemether-lumefantrine tablets. Adherence level was 

 measured in 97.0% of included patients at day 5$pm$2. Of 

 these, 86.0% were classified as ``complete adherent'' and 

 14.0% as ``nonadherent''. In univariate analysis, 

 patients/caregivers who considered that affordability of ACTs 

 was easy seemed to be less adherent to the treatment regimen 

 (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.07-0.70). In univariate and multivariable 

 analyses, patients/caregivers who did not receive advices from 

 health care workers (HCWs) were more likely to be nonadherent to 

 the prescribed ACTs (adjusted OR: 3.21; 95% CI: 1.13-9.12). 

 Conclusion: This study demonstrates that majority of those who 

 get an ACT prescription comply with the recommended regimen. 

 This emphasizes that in rural settings where ACTs are provided 

 free of charge or at a subsidized price, patient adherence to 

 ACTs is high, thus minimizing the risk of subtherapeutic 

 concentrations of the drug in blood which is known to increase 

 resistance and susceptibility to new infections. Therefore, to 

 address the problem of patient nonadherence, strategy to 

 strengthen communication between HCWs and patients should be 

 given greater consideration.},

keywords = {amodiaquine-artesunate; artemether-lumefantrine; drug   prescription; hyperendemic area; malaria},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rouamba2019-el,

title = {Socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with malaria  hotspots in the Nanoro demographic surveillance area, Burkina  Faso},

author = {Toussaint Rouamba and Seydou Nakanabo-Diallo and Karim Derra and Eli Rouamba and Adama Kazienga and Yasuko Inoue and Ernest K Ou\'{e}draogo and Moussa Waongo and Sokhna Dieng and Abdoulaye Guindo and Boukary Ou\'{e}draogo and Kanko\'{e} L\'{e}vi Sallah and Seydou Barro and Pascal Yaka and Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou and Halidou Tinto and Jean Gaudart},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-019-6565-z},

issn = {1471-2458},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-02-01},

urldate = {2019-02-01},

journal = {BMC Public Health},

volume = {19},

number = {1},

pages = {249},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: With limited resources and spatio-temporal 

 heterogeneity of malaria in developing countries, it is still 

 difficult to assess the real impact of socioeconomic and 

 environmental factors in order to set up targeted campaigns 

 against malaria at an accurate scale. Our goal was to detect 

 malaria hotspots in rural area and assess the extent to which 

 household socioeconomic status and meteorological recordings may 

 explain the occurrence and evolution of these hotspots. METHODS: 

 Data on malaria cases from 2010 to 2014 and on socioeconomic and 

 meteorological factors were acquired from four health facilities 

 within the Nanoro demographic surveillance area. Statistical 

 cross correlation was used to quantify the temporal association 

 between weekly malaria incidence and meteorological factors. 

 Local spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed and 

 restricted to each transmission period using Kulldorff's 

 elliptic spatial scan statistic. Univariate and multivariable 

 analysis were used to assess the principal socioeconomic and 

 meteorological determinants of malaria hotspots using a 

 Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) approach. RESULTS: 

 Rainfall and temperature were positively and significantly 

 associated with malaria incidence, with a lag time of 9 and 14 

 weeks, respectively. Spatial analysis showed a spatial 

 autocorrelation of malaria incidence and significant hotspots 

 which was relatively stable throughout the study period. 

 Furthermore, low socioeconomic status households were strongly associated with malaria hotspots (aOR = 1.21, 95% confidence 

 interval: 1.03-1.40). CONCLUSION: These fine-scale findings 

 highlight a relatively stable spatio-temporal pattern of malaria 

 risk and indicate that social and environmental factors play an 

 important role in malaria incidence. Integrating data on these 

 factors into existing malaria struggle tools would help in the 

 development of sustainable bottleneck strategies adapted to the 

 local context for malaria control.},

keywords = {Bottleneck strategies; Hotspots; Lag time; Malaria;   Meteorological factors; Socioeconomic status; Spatial   epidemiology; Spatio-temporal analysis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kiemde2019-ub,

title = {Algorithms for sequential interpretation of a malaria rapid  diagnostic test detecting two different targets of Plasmodium  species to improve diagnostic accuracy in a rural setting  (Nanoro, Burkina Faso)},

author = {Francois Kiemde and Massa Dit Achille Bonko and Marc Christian Tahita and Petra F Mens and Halidou Tinto and Henk D F H Schallig and Michael Boele Hensbroek},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0211801},

issn = {1932-6203},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-02-01},

urldate = {2019-02-01},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {14},

number = {2},

pages = {e0211801},

publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) have 

 limitations due to the persistence of histidine-rich protein 2 

 (HRP2) antigen after treatment and low sensitivity of Plasmodium 

 lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) based RDTs. To improve the 

 diagnosis of malaria in febrile children, two diagnostic 

 algorithms, based on sequential interpretation of a malaria 

 rapid diagnostic test detecting two different targets of 

 Plasmodium species and followed by expert microscopy, were 

 evaluated. METHODS: Two diagnostic algorithms were evaluated 

 using 407 blood samples collected between April and October 2016 

 from febrile children and the diagnostic accuracy of both 

 algorithms was determined. Algorithm 1: The result of line 

 T1-HRP2 were read first; if negative, malaria infection was 

 considered to be absent. If positive, confirmation was done with 

 the line T2-pLDH. If T2-pLDH test was negative, the malaria 

 diagnosis was considered as ``inconclusive'' and microscopy was 

 performed; Algorithm 2: The result of line T2-pLDH were read 

 first; if positive, malaria infection was considered to be 

 present. If negative, confirmation was done with the line 

 T1-HRP2. If T1-HRP2 was positive the malaria diagnosis was 

 considered as ``inconclusive'' and microscopy was performed. In 

 absence of malaria microscopy, a malaria infection was ruled out 

 in children with an inconclusive diagnostic test result when 

 previous antimalarial treatment was reported. RESULTS: For 

 single interpretation, the sensitivity of PfHRP2 was 98.4% and 

 the specificity was 74.2%, and for the pLDH test the 

 sensitivity was 89.3% and the specificity was 98.8%. Malaria 

 was accurately diagnosed using both algorithms in 84.5% 

 children. The algorithms with the two-line malaria RDT 

 classified the test results into two groups: conclusive and 

 inconclusive results. The diagnostic accuracy for conclusive 

 results was 98.3% using diagnostic algorithm 1 and 98.6% using 

 algorithm 2. The sensitivity and specificity for the conclusive 

 results were 98.2% and 98.4% for algorithm 1, and 98.6% and 

 98.4% for algorithm 2, respectively. There were 63 (15.5%) 

 children who had an ``inconclusive'' result for whom expert 

 microscopy was needed. In children with inconclusive results 

 (PfHRP2+/pLDH- only) previous antimalarial treatment was 

 reported in 16 children with malaria negative microscopy (16/40; 

 40%) and 1 child with malaria positive microscopy (1/23; 

 4.3%). CONCLUSION: The strategy of sequential interpretation of 

 two-line malaria RDT can improve the diagnosis of malaria. 

 However, some cases will still require confirmative testing with 

 microscopy or additional investigations on previous antimalarial 

 treatment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{COSMIC_Consortium2019-co,

title = {Community-based malaria screening and treatment for pregnant  women receiving standard intermittent preventive treatment with  sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine: A multicenter (The Gambia, Burkina  Faso, and Benin) cluster-randomized controlled trial},

author = {COSMIC Consortium},

doi = {10.1093/cid/ciy522},

issn = {1537-6591},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-02-01},

urldate = {2019-02-01},

journal = {Clin. Infect. Dis.},

volume = {68},

number = {4},

pages = {586--596},

abstract = {Background: We investigated whether adding community scheduled 

 malaria screening and treatment (CSST) with 

 artemether-lumefantrine by community health workers (CHWs) to 

 standard intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with 

 sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) would improve maternal and 

 infant health. Methods: In this 2-arm cluster-randomized, 

 controlled trial, villages in Burkina Faso, The Gambia, and Benin 

 were randomized to receive CSST plus IPTp-SP or IPTp-SP alone. 

 CHWs in the intervention arm performed monthly CSST during 

 pregnancy. At each contact, filter paper and blood slides were 

 collected, and at delivery, a placental biopsy was collected. 

 Primary and secondary endpoints were the prevalence of placental 

 malaria, maternal anemia, maternal peripheral infection, low 

 birth weight, antenatal clinic (ANC) attendance, and IPTp-SP 

 coverage. Results: Malaria infection was detected at least once 

 for 3.8% women in The Gambia, 16.9% in Benin, and 31.6% in 

 Burkina Faso. There was no difference between study arms in terms 

 of placenta malaria after adjusting for birth season, parity, and 

 IPTp-SP doses (adjusted odds ratio, 1.06 [95% confidence interval, .78-1.44]; P = .72). No difference between the study 

 arms was found for peripheral maternal infection, anemia, and 

 adverse pregnancy outcomes. ANC attendance was significantly 

 higher in the intervention arm in Burkina Faso but not in The 

 Gambia and Benin. Increasing number of IPTp-SP doses was 

 associated with a significantly lower risk of placenta malaria, 

 anemia at delivery, and low birth weight. Conclusions: Adding 

 CSST to existing IPTp-SP strategies did not reduce malaria in 

 pregnancy. Increasing the number of IPTp-SP doses given during 

 pregnancy is a priority. Clinical Trials Registration: 

 NCT01941264; ISRCTN37259296.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Boua2019-um,

title = {Novel and known gene-smoking interactions with cIMT identified  as potential drivers for atherosclerosis risk in West-African  populations of the AWI-gen study},

author = {Palwende Romuald Boua and Jean-Tristan Brandenburg and Ananyo Choudhury and Scott Hazelhurst and Dhriti Sengupta and Godfred Agongo and Engelbert A Nonterah and Abraham R Oduro and Halidou Tinto and Christopher G Mathew and Hermann Sorgho and Mich`ele Ramsay},

doi = {10.3389/fgene.2019.01354},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Front. Genet.},

volume = {10},

pages = {1354},

publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},

abstract = {Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a key contributor to the burden 

 of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and many epidemiological 

 studies have reported on the effect of smoking on carotid 

 intima-media thickness (cIMT) and its subsequent effect on CVD 

 risk. Gene-environment interaction studies have contributed 

 towards understanding some of the missing heritability of 

 genome-wide association studies. Gene-smoking interactions on 

 cIMT have been studied in non-African populations (European, 

 Latino-American, and African American) but no comparable African 

 research has been reported. Our aim was to investigate 

 smoking-SNP interactions on cIMT in two West African populations 

 by genome-wide analysis. Materials and methods: Only male participants from Burkina Faso (Nanoro = 993) and Ghana (Navrongo = 783) were included, as smoking was extremely rare 

 among women. Phenotype and genotype data underwent stringent QC 

 and genotype imputation was performed using the Sanger African 

 Imputation Panel. Smoking prevalence among men was 13.3% in 

 Nanoro and 42.5% in Navrongo. We analyzed gene-smoking 

 interactions with PLINK after adjusting for covariates: age and 

 6 PCs (Model 1); age, BMI, blood pressure, fasting glucose, 

 cholesterol levels, MVPA, and 6 PCs (Model 2). All analyses were 

 performed at site level and for the combined data set. Results: 

 In Nanoro, we identified new gene-smoking interaction variants 

 for cIMT within the previously described RCBTB1 region (rs112017404, rs144170770, and rs4941649) (Model 1: p = 1.35E-07; Model 2: p = 3.08E-08). In the combined sample, two 

 novel intergenic interacting variants were identified, rs1192824 in the regulatory region of TBC1D8 (p = 5.90E-09) and rs77461169 (p = 4.48E-06) located in an upstream region of open chromatin. 

 In silico functional analysis suggests the involvement of genes 

 implicated in biological processes related to cell or biological 

 adhesion and regulatory processes in gene-smoking interactions 

 with cIMT (as evidenced by chromatin interactions and eQTLs). 

 Discussion: This is the first gene-smoking interaction study for 

 cIMT, as a risk factor for atherosclerosis, in sub-Saharan 

 African populations. In addition to replicating previously known 

 signals for RCBTB1, we identified two novel genomic regions 

 (TBC1D8, near BCHE) involved in this gene-environment 

 interaction.},

keywords = {GWIS; atherosclerosis; carotid intima-media thickness;   gene-environment interactions; smoking},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bonko2019-kx,

title = {The effect of malaria rapid diagnostic tests results on  antimicrobial prescription practices of health care workers in  Burkina Faso},

author = {Massa Dit Achille Bonko and Francois Kiemde and Marc Christian Tahita and Palpouguini Lompo and Athanase M Some and Halidou Tinto and Michael Boele Hensbroek and Petra F Mens and Henk D F H Schallig},

doi = {10.1186/s12941-019-0304-2},

issn = {1476-0711},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob.},

volume = {18},

number = {1},

pages = {5},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) are widely used 

 in endemic areas in order to comply with the recommendation that 

 malaria treatment should only be given after the clinical 

 diagnosis has been confirmed by RDT or microscopy. However, the 

 overestimation of malaria infection with the use of PfHRP2 based 

 RDT, makes the management of febrile illnesses more challenging. 

 This study aimed to assess the effect of the use of malaria RDT 

 on antimicrobial prescription practices. METHODS: A prospective 

 study was conducted among febrile children under-5 years of age 

 attending four health facilities and the referral hospital in 

 the Nanoro Health District (Burkina Faso). To assess the effect 

 of malaria RDT testing on the prescriptions of antimicrobials in 

 febrile children, the initial diagnosis and antimicrobial 

 prescriptions following a malaria RDT testing were recorded. The 

 necessity of these prescriptions was subsequently checked by 

 assessing the actual cause of fever by expert malaria microscopy 

 and a microbiology analysis of blood, urine, stool and 

 nasopharynx swabs that were collected from febrile cases to 

 determine the actual cause of the fever episode. RESULTS: 

 Malaria was diagnosed by nurses, who are the primary health care 

 providers, with a malaria RDT in 72.7% (798/1098) of febrile 

 children, but only 53.7% (589/1097) cases could be confirmed by 

 expert microscopy. Health care workers were likely to prescribe 

 antimalarials to malaria positive RDT compared to malaria negative RDT (RR = 7.7},

keywords = {Antibiotic; Antimicrobial; Bacteria and parasites; Fever;   Malaria; Prescription},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sondo2019-lf,

title = {Genetically diverse Plasmodium falciparum infections,  within-host competition and symptomatic malaria in humans},

author = {Paul Sondo and Karim Derra and Thierry Lefevre and Seydou Diallo-Nakanabo and Zekiba Tarnagda and Odile Zampa and Adama Kazienga and Innocent Valea and Hermann Sorgho and Jean-Bosco Ouedraogo and Tinga Robert Guiguemde and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-36493-y},

issn = {2045-2322},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Sci. Rep.},

volume = {9},

number = {1},

pages = {127},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {There is a large genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum 

 strains that infect people causing diverse malaria symptoms. 

 This study was carried out to explore the effect of mixed-strain 

 infections and the extent to which some specific P. falciparum 

 variants are associated with particular malaria symptoms. P. 

 falciparum isolates collected during pharmacovigilance study in 

 Nanoro, Burkina Faso were used to determine allelic variation in 

 two polymorphic antigens of the merozoite surface (msp1 and 

 msp2). Overall, parasite density did not increase with 

 additional strains, suggesting the existence of within-host 

 competition. Parasite density was influenced by msp1 allelic 

 families with highest parasitaemia observed in MAD20 allelic 

 family. However, when in mixed infections with allelic family 

 K1, MAD20 could not grow to the same levels as it would alone, 

 suggesting competitive suppression in these mixed infections. 

 Host age was associated with parasite density. Overall, older 

 patients exhibited lower parasite densities than younger 

 patients, but this effect varied with the genetic composition of 

 the isolates for the msp1 gene. There was no effect of msp1 and 

 msp2 allelic family variation on body temperature. Haemoglobin 

 level was influenced by msp2 family with patients harboring the 

 FC27 allele showing lower haemoglobin level than mono-infected 

 individuals by the 3D7 allele. This study provides evidence that 

 P. falciparum genetic diversity influenced the severity of 

 particular malaria symptoms and supports the existence of 

 within-host competition in genetically diverse P. falciparum.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Unger2019-af,

title = {The assessment of gestational age: a comparison of different  methods from a malaria pregnancy cohort in sub-Saharan Africa},

author = {Holger Unger and Kamala Thriemer and Benedikt Ley and Halidou Tinto and Maminata Traor\'{e} and Innocent Valea and Harry Tagbor and Gifty Antwi and Prosper Gbekor and Michael Nambozi and Jean-Bertin Bukasa Kabuya and Modest Mulenga and Victor Mwapasa and Gertrude Chapotera and Mwayiwawo Madanitsa and Stephen Rulisa and Maaike Crop and Yves Claeys and Raffaella Ravinetto and Umberto D'Alessandro},

doi = {10.1186/s12884-018-2128-z},

issn = {1471-2393},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

journal = {BMC Pregnancy Childbirth},

volume = {19},

number = {1},

pages = {12},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Determining gestational age in resource-poor 

 settings is challenging because of limited availability of 

 ultrasound technology and late first presentation to antenatal 

 clinic. Last menstrual period (LMP), symphysio-pubis fundal 

 height (SFH) and Ballard Score (BS) at delivery are therefore 

 often used. We assessed the accuracy of LMP, SFH, and BS to 

 estimate gestational age at delivery and preterm birth compared 

 to ultrasound (US) using a large dataset derived from a 

 randomized controlled trial in pregnant malaria patients in four 

 African countries. METHODS: Mean and median gestational age for 

 US, LMP, SFH and BS were calculated for the entire study 

 population and stratified by country. Correlation coefficients 

 were calculated using Pearson's rho, and Bland Altman plots were 

 used to calculate mean differences in findings with 95% limit 

 of agreements. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive 

 value and negative predictive value were calculated considering 

 US as reference method to identify term and preterm babies. 

 RESULTS: A total of 1630 women with P. falciparum infection and 

 a gestational age \> 24 weeks determined by ultrasound at 

 enrolment were included in the analysis. The mean gestational 

 age at delivery using US was 38.7 weeks (95%CI: 38.6-38.8), by 

 LMP, 38.4 weeks (95%CI: 38.0-38.9), by SFH, 38.3 weeks (95%CI: 

 38.2-38.5), and by BS 38.0 weeks (95%CI: 37.9-38.1) (p \< 

 0.001). Correlation between US and any of the other three 

 methods was poor to moderate. Sensitivity and specificity to 

 determine prematurity were 0.63 (95%CI 0.50-0.75) and 0.72 

 (95%CI, 0.66-0.76) for LMP, 0.80 (95%CI 0.74-0.85) and 0.74 

 (95%CI 0.72-0.76) for SFH and 0.42 (95%CI 0.35-0.49) and 0.77 

 (95%CI 0.74-0.79) for BS. CONCLUSIONS: In settings with limited 

 access to ultrasound, and in women who had been treated with P. 

 falciparum malaria, SFH may be the most useful antenatal tool to 

 date a pregnancy when women present first in second and third 

 trimester. The Ballard postnatal maturation assessment has a 

 limited role and lacks precision. Improving ultrasound 

 facilities and skills, and early attendance, together with the 

 development of new technologies such as automated image analysis 

 and new postnatal methods to assess gestational age, are 

 essential for the study and management of preterm birth in 

 low-income settings.},

keywords = {Ballard score; Gestational age; Last menstrual period; Low   income country; Methods; Pregnancy; Symphysio-pubis fundal   height; Ultrasound},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Humphreys2019-gh,

title = {Strength in numbers: The WWARN case study of purpose-driven  data sharing},

author = {Georgina S Humphreys and Halidou Tinto and Karen I Barnes},

doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.18-0649},

issn = {1476-1645},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.},

volume = {100},

number = {1},

pages = {13--15},

publisher = {American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},

abstract = {Data are the basis for all scientific output. The sharing of 

 data supporting that output is an important aspect of scientific 

 communication, and is increasingly required by funders and 

 publishers. Yet, academic advancement seldom recognizes or 

 rewards data sharing. This article argues that although 

 mandating data sharing will increase the amount of data 

 available, this will not necessarily enable or encourage the 

 secondary analyses needed to achieve its purported public good. 

 We, therefore, need to build models that maximize the efficiency 

 of processes for data collation and curation, and genuinely 

 reward those engaged in data sharing and reuse. The WorldWide 

 Antimalarial Resistance Network has 10 years of experience as a 

 data platform, and its study group approach provides an example 

 of how some of the challenges in equitable and impactful 

 data-sharing and secondary use can be addressed, with a focus on 

 the priorities of researchers in resource-limited settings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ouedraogo2018-rc,

title = {Spatial distribution and determinants of asymptomatic malaria  risk among children under 5 years in 24 districts in Burkina  Faso},

author = {Mady Ou\'{e}draogo and S\'{e}kou Samadoulougou and Toussaint Rouamba and Herv\'{e} Hien and John E M Sawadogo and Halidou Tinto and Victor A Alegana and Niko Speybroeck and Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-018-2606-9},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-12-01},

urldate = {2018-12-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {17},

number = {1},

pages = {460},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: In malaria endemic countries, asymptomatic cases 

 constitute an important reservoir of infections sustaining 

 transmission. Estimating the burden of the asymptomatic 

 population and identifying areas with elevated risk is important 

 for malaria control in Burkina Faso. This study analysed the 

 spatial distribution of asymptomatic malaria infection among 

 children under 5 in 24 health districts in Burkina Faso and 

 identified the determinants of this distribution. METHODS: The 

 data used in this study were collected in a baseline survey on 

 ``evaluation of the impact of pay for performance on the quality 

 of care'' conducted in 24 health districts in Burkina Faso, 

 between October 2013 and March 2014. This survey involved 7844 

 households and 1387 community health workers. A Bayesian 

 hierarchical logistic model that included spatial dependence and 

 covariates was implemented to identify the determinants of 

 asymptomatic malaria infection. The posterior probability 

 distribution of a parameter from the model was summarized using 

 odds ratio (OR) and 95% credible interval (95% CI). RESULTS: 

 The overall prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection in 

 children under 5 years of age was estimated at 38.2%. However, 

 significant variation was observed between districts ranging 

 from 11.1% in the district of Barsalgho to 77.8% in the 

 district of Gaoua. Older children (48-59 vs \< 6 months: OR: 6.79 

 [5.62, 8.22]), children from very poor households (Richest vs 

 poorest: OR: 0.85 [0.74-0.96]), households located more than 5 

 km from a health facility (\< 5 km vs $geq$ 5 km: OR: 1.14 

 [1.04-1.25]), in localities with inadequate number of nurses (\< 

 3 vs $geq$ 3: 0.72 [0.62, 0.82], from rural areas (OR: 1.67 

 [1.39-2.01]) and those surveyed in high transmission period of 

 asymptomatic malaria (OR: 1.27 [1.10-1.46]) were most at risk 

 for asymptomatic malaria infection. In addition, the spatial 

 analysis identified the following nine districts that reported 

 significantly higher risks: Bati\'{e}, Boromo, Dano, 

 Di\'{e}bougou, Gaoua, Ouahigouya, Ouargaye, Sapouy and Toma. The 

 district of Zabr\'{e} reported the lowest risk. CONCLUSION: The 

 analysis of spatial distribution of infectious reservoir allowed 

 the identification of risk areas as well as the identification 

 of individual and contextual factors. Such national spatial 

 analysis should help to prioritize areas for increased malaria 

 control activities.},

keywords = {Bayesian; Burkina Faso; Health district; Malaria; Map; Spatial},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kiemde2018-od,

title = {Can clinical signs or symptoms combined with basic hematology  data be used to predict the presence of bacterial infections in  febrile children under - 5 years?},

author = {Francois Kiemde and Massa Dit Achille Bonko and Marc Christian Tahita and Palpouguini Lompo and Halidou Tinto and Petra F Mens and Henk D F H Schallig and Michael Boele Hensbroek},

doi = {10.1186/s12887-018-1340-3},

issn = {1471-2431},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-11-01},

urldate = {2018-11-01},

journal = {BMC Pediatr.},

volume = {18},

number = {1},

pages = {370},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases in children living in 

 resource-limited settings are often presumptively managed on the 

 basis of clinical signs and symptoms. Malaria is an exception. 

 However, the interpretation of clinical signs and symptoms in 

 relation to bacterial infections is often challenging, which may 

 lead to an over prescription of antibiotics when a malaria 

 infection is excluded. The present study aims to determine the 

 association between clinical signs and symptoms and basic 

 hematology data, with laboratory confirmed bacterial infections. 

 METHODS: A health survey was done by study nurses to collect 

 clinical signs/symptoms in febrile (axillary temperature $geq$ 

 37.5 °C) children under - 5 years of age. In addition, blood, 

 stool and urine specimen were systematically collected from each 

 child to perform bacterial culture and full blood cell counts. 

 To determine the association between a bacterial infection with 

 clinical signs/symptoms, and if possible supported by basic 

 hematology data (hemoglobin and leucocyte rates), a univariate 

 analysis was done. This was followed by a multivariate analysis only on those variables with a p-value p 39.5 °C (p = 0.002), diarrhea (p = 0.019) and edema (p = 0.017). There was no 

 association found between bacterial infections and basic 

 haematological findings. If diarrhea and edema were absent, a 

 good negative predictive value (100%) of a bacterial 

 bloodstream infection was found, but the positive predictive 

 value was low (33.3%) and the confidence interval was very 

 large (2.5-100; 7.5-70.1). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates 

 that clinical signs and symptoms, combined with basic hematology 

 data only, cannot predict bacterial infections in febrile 

 children under - 5 years of age. The development of practical 

 and easy deployable diagnostic tools to diagnose bacterial 

 infections remains a priority.},

keywords = {Bacteria; Children; Fever; Malaria; Signs; Symptoms},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}