@article{Sondo2022,

title = {Boosting the impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) through simultaneous screening and treatment of household members of children receiving SMC in Burkina Faso: a protocol for a randomized open label trial},

author = {Paul Sondo and Marc Christian Tahita and Hamidou Ilboudo and Toussaint Rouamba and Karim Derra and Gauthier Tougri and Florence Ou\'{e}draogo and B\'{e}atrice Marie Ad\'{e}la\"{i}de Konseibo and Eli Roamba and Sabina Dahlstr\"{o}m Otienoburu and B\'{e}renger Kabor\'{e} and Kalynn Kennon and Kadija Ou\'{e}draogo and Wend-Timbe-Noma Arlette Ra\"{i}ssa Zongo and Fadima Yaya Bocoum and Kasia Stepniewska and Mehul Dhorda and Philippe J. Gu\'{e}rin and Halidou Tinto},

url = {https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-022-00800-x},

doi = {10.1186/s13690-022-00800-x},

issn = {2049-3258},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Archives of Public Health},

volume = {80},

issue = {1},

pages = {41},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major public health concern in sub-Sahara Africa. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with amodiaquine + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is one of the most important preventive interventions. Despite its implementation, the burden of malaria is still very high in children under five years old in Burkina Faso, suggesting that the expected impact of this promising strategy might not be attained. Development of innovative strategies to improve the efficacy of these existing malaria control measures is essential. In such context, we postulate that screening and treatment of malaria in household members of children receiving SMC could greatly improve the impact of SMC intervention and reduce malaria transmission in endemic settings. METHODS This randomized superiority trial will be carried out in the Nanoro health district, Burkina Faso. The unit of randomisation will be the household and all eligible children from a household will be allocated to the same study group. Households with 3-59 months old children will be assigned to either (i) control group (SMC alone) or (ii) intervention (SMC+ screening of household members with standard Histidin Rich Protein Rapid Diagnostic Test (HRP2-RDT) and treatment if positive). The sample size will be 526 isolated households per arm, i.e., around 1052 children under SMC coverage and an expected 1315 household members. Included children will be followed-up for 24 months to fully cover two consecutive malaria transmission seasons and two SMC cycles. Children will be actively followed-up during the malaria transmission seasons while in the dry seasons the follow-up will be passive. CONCLUSION The study will respond to a major public health concern by providing evidence of the efficacy of an innovative strategy to boost the impact of SMC intervention.},

keywords = {Africa, Amodiaquine, Burkina Faso, Chemoprevention, Dihydro artemisinin Piperaquine, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Phiri2021-oy,

title = {The duration of protection from azithromycin against malaria,  acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skin infections when  given alongside seasonal malaria chemoprevention: Secondary  analyses of data from a clinical trial in hound\'{e}, Burkina  Faso, and bougouni, Mali},

author = {Mphatso Dennis Phiri and Matthew Cairns and Issaka Zongo and Frederic Nikiema and Modibo Diarra and Rakiswend\'{e} Serge Yerbanga and Amadou Barry and Amadou Tapily and Samba Coumare and Ismaila Thera and Irene Kuepfer and Paul Milligan and Halidou Tinto and Alassane Dicko and Jean Bosco Ou\'{e}draogo and Brian Greenwood and Daniel Chandramohan and Issaka Sagara},

doi = {10.1093/cid/ciaa1905},

issn = {1537-6591 1058-4838},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-01},

urldate = {2021-10-01},

journal = {Clin. Infect. Dis.},

volume = {73},

number = {7},

pages = {e2379--e2386},

publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin 

 (AZ) is being considered as a strategy to promote child survival 

 in sub-Saharan Africa, but the mechanism by which AZ reduces 

 mortality is unclear. To better understand the nature and extent 

 of protection provided by AZ, we explored the profile of 

 protection by time since administration, using data from a 

 household-randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Burkina Faso 

 and Mali. METHODS: Between 2014 and 2016, 30 977 children aged 

 3-59 months received seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with 

 sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine and either AZ or 

 placebo monthly, on 4 occasions each year. Poisson regression 

 with gamma-distributed random effects, accounting for the 

 household randomization and within-individual clustering of 

 illness episodes, was used to compare incidence of prespecified 

 outcomes between SMC+AZ versus SMC+placebo groups in fixed time 

 strata post-treatment. The likelihood ratio test was used to 

 assess evidence for a time-treatment group interaction. RESULTS: 

 Relative to SMC+placebo, there was no evidence of protection 

 from SMC+AZ against hospital admissions and deaths. Additional 

 protection from SMC+AZ against malaria was confined to the first 

 2 weeks post-administration (protective efficacy (PE): 24.2% 

 [95% CI: 17.8%, 30.1%]). Gastroenteritis and pneumonia were 

 reduced by 29.9% [21.7; 37.3%], and 34.3% [14.9; 49.3%], 

 respectively, in the first 2 weeks postadministration. 

 Protection against nonmalaria fevers with a skin condition 

 persisted up to 28 days: PE: 46.3% [35.1; 55.6%]. CONCLUSIONS: 

 The benefits of AZ-MDA are broad-ranging but short-lived. To 

 maximize impact, timing of AZ-MDA must address the challenge of 

 targeting asynchronous morbidity and mortality peaks from 

 different causes.},

note = {© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

PMID: 33417683 

PMCID: PMC8492219},

keywords = {Antimalarials/therapeutic use, Azithromycin, Azithromycin/therapeutic use, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Chemoprevention, Child, child mortality, Drug Combinations, duration of protection, Humans, Infant, Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Mali/epidemiology, Preschool, Sahel, seasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chandramohan2021-qm,

title = {Seasonal malaria vaccination with or without seasonal malaria  chemoprevention},

author = {Daniel Chandramohan and Issaka Zongo and Issaka Sagara and Matthew Cairns and Rakiswend\'{e}-Serge Yerbanga and Modibo Diarra and Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric Niki`ema and Amadou Tapily and Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric Sompougdou and Djibrilla Issiaka and Charles Zoungrana and Koualy Sanogo and Alassane Haro and Mahamadou Kaya and Abdoul-Aziz Sienou and Seydou Traore and Almahamoudou Mahamar and Ismaila Thera and Kalifa Diarra and Amagana Dolo and Irene Kuepfer and Paul Snell and Paul Milligan and Christian Ockenhouse and Opokua Ofori-Anyinam and Halidou Tinto and Abdoulaye Djimde and Jean-Bosco Ou\'{e}draogo and Alassane Dicko and Brian Greenwood},

doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa2026330},

issn = {1533-4406 0028-4793},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-09},

urldate = {2021-09-09},

journal = {N. Engl. J. Med.},

volume = {385},

number = {11},

pages = {1005--1017},

publisher = {Massachusetts Medical Society},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria control remains a challenge in many parts of 

 the Sahel and sub-Sahel regions of Africa. METHODS: We conducted 

 an individually randomized, controlled trial to assess whether 

 seasonal vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E was noninferior to 

 chemoprevention in preventing uncomplicated malaria and whether 

 the two interventions combined were superior to either one alone 

 in preventing uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria-related 

 outcomes. RESULTS: We randomly assigned 6861 children 5 to 17 

 months of age to receive sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and 

 amodiaquine (2287 children [chemoprevention-alone group]), 

 RTS,S/AS01E (2288 children [vaccine-alone group]), or 

 chemoprevention and RTS,S/AS01E (2286 children [combination 

 group]). Of these, 1965, 1988, and 1967 children in the three 

 groups, respectively, received the first dose of the assigned 

 intervention and were followed for 3 years. Febrile seizure 

 developed in 5 children the day after receipt of the vaccine, 

 but the children recovered and had no sequelae. There were 305 

 events of uncomplicated clinical malaria per 1000 person-years 

 at risk in the chemoprevention-alone group, 278 events per 1000 

 person-years in the vaccine-alone group, and 113 events per 1000 

 person-years in the combination group. The hazard ratio for the 

 protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E as compared with 

 chemoprevention was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 

 1.01), which excluded the prespecified noninferiority margin of 

 1.20. The protective efficacy of the combination as compared 

 with chemoprevention alone was 62.8% (95% CI, 58.4 to 66.8) 

 against clinical malaria, 70.5% (95% CI, 41.9 to 85.0) against 

 hospital admission with severe malaria according to the World 

 Health Organization definition, and 72.9% (95% CI, 2.9 to 

 92.4) against death from malaria. The protective efficacy of the 

 combination as compared with the vaccine alone against these 

 outcomes was 59.6% (95% CI, 54.7 to 64.0), 70.6% (95% CI, 

 42.3 to 85.0), and 75.3% (95% CI, 12.5 to 93.0), respectively. 

 CONCLUSIONS: Administration of RTS,S/AS01E was noninferior to 

 chemoprevention in preventing uncomplicated malaria. The 

 combination of these interventions resulted in a substantially 

 lower incidence of uncomplicated malaria, severe malaria, and 

 death from malaria than either intervention alone. (Funded by 

 the Joint Global Health Trials and PATH; ClinicalTrials.gov 

 number, NCT03143218.).},

note = {Copyright © 2021 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Place: United States

PMID: 34432975},

keywords = {Amodiaquine/therapeutic use, Antimalarials/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Chemoprevention, Combination, Combined Modality Therapy, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Drug Therapy, Falciparum/epidemiology/mortality/prevention \& control, Febrile/etiology, Female, Hospitalization/statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Malaria Vaccines/administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Male, Mali/epidemiology, Pyrimethamine/therapeutic use, Seasons, Seizures, Sulfadoxine/therapeutic use},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yameogo2021-bb,

title = {Effect of seasonal malaria chemoprevention plus azithromycin on  Plasmodium falciparum transmission: gametocyte infectivity and  mosquito fitness},

author = {Koudraogo Bienvenue Yam\'{e}ogo and Rakiswend\'{e} Serge Yerbanga and Seydou Bienvenu Ouattara and Franck A Yao and Thierry Lef`evre and Issaka Zongo and Frederic Niki`ema and Yves Daniel Compaor\'{e} and Halidou Tinto and Daniel Chandramohan and Brian Greenwood and Adrien M G Belem and Anna Cohuet and Jean Bosco Ou\'{e}draogo},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03855-3},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-27},

urldate = {2021-07-27},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {326},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) consists of administration of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) + amodiaquine (AQ) at monthly intervals to children  during the malaria transmission period. Whether the addition of azithromycin (AZ) to  SMC could potentiate the benefit of the intervention was tested through a  double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The effect of SMC and the  addition of AZ, on malaria transmission and on the life history traits of Anopheles  gambiae mosquitoes have been investigated. METHODS: The study included 438 children  randomly selected from among participants in the SMC + AZ trial and 198 children  from the same area who did not receive chemoprevention. For each participant in the  SMC + AZ trial, blood was collected 14 to 21 days post treatment, examined for the  presence of malaria sexual and asexual stages and provided as a blood meal to An.  gambiae females using a direct membrane-feeding assay. RESULTS: The SMC treatment,  with or without AZ, significantly reduced the prevalence of asexual Plasmodium  falciparum (LRT X(2)(2) = 69, P \< 0.0001) and the gametocyte prevalence (LRT  X(2)(2) = 54, P \< 0.0001). In addition, the proportion of infectious feeds (LRT  X(2)(2) = 61, P \< 0.0001) and the prevalence of oocysts among exposed mosquitoes  (LRT X(2)(2) = 22.8, P \< 0.001) was reduced when mosquitoes were fed on blood from  treated children compared to untreated controls. The addition of AZ to SPAQ was  associated with an increased proportion of infectious feeds (LRT X(2)(1) = 5.2,  P = 0.02), suggesting a significant effect of AZ on gametocyte infectivity. There  was a slight negative effect of SPAQ and SPAQ + AZ on mosquito survival compared to  mosquitoes fed with blood from control children (LRTX(2)(2) = 330, P \< 0.0001).  CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that SMC may contribute to a reduction in human  to mosquito transmission of P. falciparum, and the reduced mosquito longevity  observed for females fed on treated blood may increase the benefit of this  intervention in control of malaria. The addition of AZ to SPAQ in SMC appeared to  enhance the infectivity of gametocytes providing further evidence that this  combination is not an appropriate intervention.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34315475 

PMCID: PMC8314489},

keywords = {Amodiaquine/administration \& dosage, Animals, Antimalarials/administration \& dosage, Chemoprevention, Child, Culicidae/physiology, Drug Combinations, Falciparum/prevention \& control/transmission, Gametocytes, Genetic Fitness, Humans, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum/physiology, Preschool, Pyrimethamine/administration \& dosage, seasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons, Sulfadoxine/administration \& dosage, Transmission},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sondo2021-kc,

title = {Assessment of a combined strategy of seasonal malaria  chemoprevention and supplementation with vitamin A, zinc and  Plumpy'Doz™ to prevent malaria and malnutrition in children  under 5 years old in Burkina Faso: a randomized open-label trial  (SMC-NUT)},

author = {Paul Sondo and Marc Christian Tahita and Toussaint Rouamba and Karim Derra and B\'{e}renger Kabor\'{e} and Cheick Sa"id Compaor\'{e} and Florence Ou\'{e}draogo and Eli Rouamba and Hamidou Ilboudo and Estelle A"issa Bambara and Macaire Nana and Edmond Yabr\'{e} Sawadogo and Hermann Sorgho and Athanase Mwinessobaonfou Som\'{e} and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Prabin Dahal and Maminata Traor\'{e}/Coulibaly and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.1186/s13063-021-05320-7},

issn = {1745-6215},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-24},

urldate = {2021-05-24},

journal = {Trials},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {360},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria and malnutrition represent major public 

 health concerns worldwide especially in Sub-Sahara Africa. 

 Despite implementation of seasonal malaria chemoprophylaxis 

 (SMC), an intervention aimed at reducing malaria incidence among 

 children aged 3-59 months, the burden of malaria and associated 

 mortality among children below age 5 years remains high in 

 Burkina Faso. Malnutrition, in particular micronutrient 

 deficiency, appears to be one of the potential factors that can 

 negatively affect the effectiveness of SMC. Treating 

 micronutrient deficiencies is known to reduce the incidence of 

 malaria in highly prevalent malaria zone such as rural settings. 

 Therefore, we hypothesized that a combined strategy of SMC 

 together with a daily oral nutrients supplement will enhance the 

 immune response and decrease the incidence of malaria and 

 malnutrition among children under SMC coverage. METHODS: 

 Children (6-59 months) under SMC coverage receiving vitamin A 

 supplementation will be randomly assigned to one of the three 

 study arms (a) SMC + vitamin A alone, (b) SMC + vitamin A + 

 zinc, or (c) SMC + vitamin A + Plumpy'Doz™ using 1:1:1 

 allocation ratio. After each SMC monthly distribution, children 

 will be visited at home to confirm drug administration and 

 followed-up for 1 year. Anthropometric indicators will be 

 recorded at each visit and blood samples will be collected for 

 microscopy slides, haemoglobin measurement, and spotted onto 

 filter paper for further PCR analyses. The primary outcome 

 measure is the incidence of malaria in each arm. Secondary 

 outcome measures will include mid-upper arm circumference and 

 weight gain from baseline measurements, coverage and compliance 

 to SMC, occurrence of adverse events (AEs), and prevalence of 

 molecular markers of antimalarial resistance comprising Pfcrt, 

 Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr, and Pfdhps. DISCUSSION: This study will 

 demonstrate an integrated strategy of malaria and malnutrition 

 programmes in order to mutualize resources for best impact. By 

 relying on existing strategies, the policy implementation of 

 this joint intervention will be scalable at country and regional 

 levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04238845 . 

 Registered on 23 January 2020 

 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04238845.},

note = {PMID: 34030705 

PMCID: PMC8142067},

keywords = {Antimalarials/adverse effects, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Chemoprevention, Child, Child Nutrition Disorders, Dietary Supplements, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Malaria/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Malnutrition, Malnutrition/diagnosis/drug therapy/prevention \& control, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Plumpy’Doz™, Preschool, Randomized controlled trial, Seasonal chemoprevention, Seasons, Vitamin A, Vitamin A/adverse effects, Zinc},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ouedraogo2020-vc,

title = {A microplanning model to improve door-to-door health service  delivery: the case of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention in  Sub-Saharan African villages},

author = {Andr\'{e} Lin Ou\'{e}draogo and Julie Zhang and Halidou Tinto and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Edward A Wenger},

doi = {10.1186/s12913-020-05972-2},

issn = {1472-6963},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-07},

urldate = {2020-12-01},

journal = {BMC Health Serv. Res.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {1128},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria incidence has plateaued in Sub-Saharan 

 Africa despite Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention's (SMC) 

 introduction. Community health workers (CHW) use a door-to-door 

 delivery strategy to treat children with SMC drugs, but for SMC 

 to be as effective as in clinical trials, coverage must be high 

 over successive seasons. METHODS: We developed and used a 

 microplanning model that utilizes population raster to estimate 

 population size, generates optimal households visit itinerary, 

 and quantifies SMC coverage based on CHWs' time investment for 

 treatment and walking. CHWs' performance under current SMC 

 deployment mode was assessed using CHWs' tracking data and 

 compared to microplanning in villages with varying demographics 

 and geographies. RESULTS: Estimates showed that microplanning 

 significantly reduces CHWs' walking distance by 25%, increases 

 the number of visited households by 36% (p \< 0.001) and 

 increases SMC coverage by 21% from 37.3% under current SMC 

 deployment mode up to 58.3% under microplanning (p \< 0.001). 

 Optimal visit itinerary alone increased SMC coverage up to 100% 

 in small villages whereas in larger or hard-to-reach villages, 

 filling the gap additionally needed an optimization of the CHW 

 ratio. CONCLUSION: We estimate that for a pair of CHWs, the 

 daily optimal number of visited children (assuming 8.5mn spent 

 per child) and walking distance should not exceed 45 (95% CI 

 27-62) and 5 km (95% CI 3.2-6.2) respectively. Our work 

 contributes to extend SMC coverage by 21-63% and may have 

 broader applicability for other community health programs.},

note = {PMID: 33287825 

PMCID: PMC7720067},

keywords = {Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology, Antimalarials/therapeutic use, Burkina Faso, Chemoprevention, Child, CHW, Community health worker, Door-to-door, Health Services, Humans, Malaria, Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Microplanning, Model, Satellite imagerySeasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons, SMC},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}