@article{nokey,

title = {Changing Dietary Habits: The Impact of Urbanization and Rising Socio-Economic Status in Families from Burkina Faso in Sub-Saharan Africa.},

author = {Silene Casari and Monica Di Paola and Elena Banci and Salou Diallo and Luca Scarallo and Sara Renzo and Agnese Gori and Sonia Renzi and Monica Paci and Quirijn Mast and Tal Pecht and Karim Derra and Berenger Kabor\'{e} and Halidou Tinto and Duccio Cavalieri and Paolo Lionetti},

doi = {10.3390/nu14091782},

issn = {2072-6643},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-04-01},

urldate = {2022-04-01},

journal = {Nutrients},

volume = {14},

issue = {9},

abstract = {(1) Background: Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing the fastest urbanization worldwide. People in rural areas still have a traditional and rural lifestyle, whereas the Westernization of diet and lifestyle is already evident in urban areas. This study describes dietary habits of families in Burkina Faso living at different levels of urbanization. (2) Methods: Data on lifestyle, socio-economic conditions, health status and anthropometry were collected from 30 families living in rural villages, a small town and the capital city. A food frequency questionnaire and a 24 h recall diary were used to estimate dietary habits and macronutrients intake. (3) Results: The urban cohort showed a more diversified diet, with a higher intake of animal protein and, especially in children, a higher consumption of simple sugars. Fiber intake was significantly higher in the rural and semi-urbanized cohorts. As expected, overweight and obesity gradually increased with the level of urbanization. In semi-urbanized and urban families, we observed coexistence of under- and over-nutrition, whereas in rural families, a portion of children were wasted and stunted, and adults were underweight. (4) Conclusions: These three cohorts represent a model of the effect on diet of rural-to-urban migration. Rural diet and traditional habits are replaced by a Western-oriented diet when families move to urbanized areas. This dietary transition and increased socio-economic status in newly developing urban areas have a major impact on disease epidemiology, resembling the past evolution in Western countries.},

keywords = {*Economic Status, *Urbanization, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Feeding Behavior, fiber intake, Humans, rural diet, Rural Population, sub-Saharan Africa, Urban Population, urbanization, Western diet},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Age-modified factors associated with placental malaria in rural Burkina Faso.},

author = {Bi\'{e}bo Bihoun and Serge Henri Zango and Maminata Traor\'{e}-Coulibaly and Innocent Valea and Raffaella Ravinetto and Jean Pierre Van Geertruyden and Umberto D'Alessandro and Halidou Tinto and Annie Robert},

doi = {10.1186/s12884-022-04568-4},

issn = {1471-2393},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-01},

urldate = {2022-03-01},

journal = {BMC pregnancy and childbirth},

volume = {22},

issue = {1},

pages = {248},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria in pregnancy can result in placental infection with fetal implications. This study aimed at assessing placental malaria (PM) prevalence and its associated factors in a cohort of pregnant women with peripheral malaria and their offspring. METHOD: The data were collected in the framework of a clinical trial on treatments for malaria in pregnant women . Placental malaria (PM) was diagnosed by histopathological detection of parasites and/or malaria pigment on placenta biopsies taken at delivery. Factors associated with PM were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Out of 745 biopsies examined, PM was diagnosed in 86.8 % of women. Acute, chronic and past PM were retrieved in 11 (1.5 %), 170 (22.8 %), and 466 (62.6 %) women, respectively. A modifying effect was observed in the association of gravidity or anemia at the study start with pooled PM (presence of parasites and/or malaria pigment). In women under 30, gravidity ≤ 2 was associated with an increased prevalence of pooled PM but in women aged 30 years or more, gravidity was no more associated with pooled PM (OR 6.81, 95 % CI 3.18 - 14.60; and OR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.10 - 2.76, respectively). Anemia was associated with pooled PM in women under 30 (OR 1.96, 95 % CI 1.03 - 3.72) but not in women aged 30 years or more (OR 0.68, 95 % CI 0.31 - 1.49). Similarly, the association of gravidity with past-chronic PM depended also on age. A higher prevalence of active PM was observed in women under 30 presenting with symptomatic malaria (OR 3.79, 95 % CI 1.55 - 9.27), while there was no significant increase in the prevalence of active PM (presence of parasites only) in women with symptomatic malaria when aged 30 years or more (OR 0.42, 95 % CI 0.10 - 1.75). In women with chronic PM, the prevalence of low birth weight or prematurity was the highest (31.2 %) as compared with past PM or no PM. CONCLUSION: Despite the rapid diagnosis and efficacious treatment of peripheral infection, the prevalence of placental malaria remained high in women with P. falciparum peripheral infection in Nanoro, especially in younger women This underlines the importance of preventive measures in this specific group.},

keywords = {*Malaria, *Malaria/epidemiology, Adult, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Falciparum/parasitology, Female, Gravidity, Humans, Malaria, placenta, Placenta/parasitology, Pregnancy, Risk Factors},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Low birth weight and its associated risk factors in a rural health district of Burkina Faso: a cross sectional study.},

author = {Moussa Lingani and Serge Henri Zango and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Georges Som\'{e} and Ma\"{i}mouna Sanou and S\'{e}kou O. Samadoulougou and Serge Ouoba and Eli Rouamba and Annie Robert and Mich\`{e}le Dramaix and Philippe Donnen and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.1186/s12884-022-04554-w},

issn = {1471-2393},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-01},

urldate = {2022-03-01},

journal = {BMC pregnancy and childbirth},

volume = {22},

issue = {1},

pages = {228},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Low birth weight (LBW) is a major factor of neonate mortality that particularly affects developing countries. However, the scarcity of data to support decision making to reduce LBW occurrence is a major obstacle in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of LBW at the Yako health district in a rural area of Burkina Faso. METHODS: A cross sectional survey was conducted at four peripheral health centers among mothers and their newly delivered babies. The mothers' socio-demographic and obstetrical characteristics were collected by face-to-face interview or by review of antenatal care books. Maternal malaria was tested by standard microscopy and neonates' birth weights were documented. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with LBW. A p-value \< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of 600 neonates examined, the prevalence of low birth weight was 11.0%. Adjustment for socio-demographic characteristic, medical conditions, obstetrical history, malaria prevention measures by multivariate logistic regression found that being a primigravid mother (aOR = 1.8, [95% CI: 1.1-3.0]), the presence of malaria infection (aOR = 1.9, [95% CI: 1.1-3.5]), the uptake of less than three doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp-SP) (aOR = 2.2, [95% CI: 1.3-3.9]), the presence of maternal fever at the time of delivery (aOR = 2.8, [95% CI: 1.5-5.3]) and being a female neonate (aOR = 1.9, [95% CI: 1.1-3.3]) were independently associated with an increased risk of LBW occurrence. The number of antenatal visits performed by the mother during her pregnancy did not provide any direct protection for low birth weight. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of LBW remained high in the study area. Maternal malaria, fever and low uptake of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine doses were significantly associated with LBW and should be adequately addressed by public health interventions.},

keywords = {*Antimalarials/therapeutic use, *Rural Health, Associated factors, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Newborn, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Rural area},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ouoba2021-ug,

title = {Epidemiologic profile of hepatitis C virus infection and  genotype distribution in Burkina Faso: a systematic review with  meta-analysis},

author = {Serge Ouoba and Jean Claude Romaric Pingdwinde Ouedraogo and Moussa Lingani and Bunthen E and Md Razeen Ashraf Hussain and Ko Ko and Shintaro Nagashima and Aya Sugiyama and Tomoyuki Akita and Halidou Tinto and Junko Tanaka},

doi = {10.1186/s12879-021-06817-x},

issn = {1471-2334},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-01},

urldate = {2021-11-01},

journal = {BMC Infect. Dis.},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {1126},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Detailed characteristics of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 

 infection in Burkina Faso are scarce. The main aim of this study 

 was to assess HCV seroprevalence in various settings and 

 populations at risk in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2020. 

 Secondary objectives included the prevalence of HCV Ribonucleic 

 acid (RNA) and the distribution of HCV genotypes. METHODS: A 

 systematic database search, supplemented by a manual search, was 

 conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and African Index 

 Medicus. Studies reporting HCV seroprevalence data in low and 

 high-risk populations in Burkina Faso were included, and a 

 random-effects meta-analysis was applied. Risk of bias was 

 assessed using the Joanna Briggs institute checklist. RESULTS: 

 Low-risk populations were examined in 31 studies involving a 

 total of 168,151 subjects, of whom 8330 were positive for HCV 

 antibodies. Six studies included a total of 1484 high-risk 

 persons, and 96 had antibodies to HCV. The pooled seroprevalence 

 in low-risk populations was 3.72% (95% CI: 3.20-4.28) and 

 4.75% (95% CI: 1.79-8.94) in high-risk groups. A 

 non-significant decreasing trend was observed over the study 

 period. Seven studies tested HCV RNA in a total of 4759 

 individuals at low risk for HCV infection, and 81 were positive. 

 The meta-analysis of HCV RNA yielded a pooled prevalence of 

 1.65% (95% CI: 0.74-2.89%) in low-risk populations, which is 

 assumed to be indicative of HCV prevalence in the general 

 population of Burkina Faso and suggests that about 301,174 

 people are active HCV carriers in the country. Genotypes 2 and 1 

 were the most frequent, with 60.3% and 25.0%, respectively. 

 CONCLUSIONS: HCV seroprevalence is intermediate in Burkina Faso 

 and indicates the need to implement effective control 

 strategies. There is a paucity of data at the national level and 

 for rural and high-risk populations. General population 

 screening and linkage to care are recommended, with special 

 attention to rural and high-risk populations.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34724902 

PMCID: PMC8561994},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Genotype, Hepacivirus/genetics, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/epidemiology, Humans, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Seroprevalence, Systematic review},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Phiri2021-oy,

title = {The duration of protection from azithromycin against malaria,  acute respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skin infections when  given alongside seasonal malaria chemoprevention: Secondary  analyses of data from a clinical trial in hound\'{e}, Burkina  Faso, and bougouni, Mali},

author = {Mphatso Dennis Phiri and Matthew Cairns and Issaka Zongo and Frederic Nikiema and Modibo Diarra and Rakiswend\'{e} Serge Yerbanga and Amadou Barry and Amadou Tapily and Samba Coumare and Ismaila Thera and Irene Kuepfer and Paul Milligan and Halidou Tinto and Alassane Dicko and Jean Bosco Ou\'{e}draogo and Brian Greenwood and Daniel Chandramohan and Issaka Sagara},

doi = {10.1093/cid/ciaa1905},

issn = {1537-6591 1058-4838},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-01},

urldate = {2021-10-01},

journal = {Clin. Infect. Dis.},

volume = {73},

number = {7},

pages = {e2379--e2386},

publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin 

 (AZ) is being considered as a strategy to promote child survival 

 in sub-Saharan Africa, but the mechanism by which AZ reduces 

 mortality is unclear. To better understand the nature and extent 

 of protection provided by AZ, we explored the profile of 

 protection by time since administration, using data from a 

 household-randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Burkina Faso 

 and Mali. METHODS: Between 2014 and 2016, 30 977 children aged 

 3-59 months received seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with 

 sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine and either AZ or 

 placebo monthly, on 4 occasions each year. Poisson regression 

 with gamma-distributed random effects, accounting for the 

 household randomization and within-individual clustering of 

 illness episodes, was used to compare incidence of prespecified 

 outcomes between SMC+AZ versus SMC+placebo groups in fixed time 

 strata post-treatment. The likelihood ratio test was used to 

 assess evidence for a time-treatment group interaction. RESULTS: 

 Relative to SMC+placebo, there was no evidence of protection 

 from SMC+AZ against hospital admissions and deaths. Additional 

 protection from SMC+AZ against malaria was confined to the first 

 2 weeks post-administration (protective efficacy (PE): 24.2% 

 [95% CI: 17.8%, 30.1%]). Gastroenteritis and pneumonia were 

 reduced by 29.9% [21.7; 37.3%], and 34.3% [14.9; 49.3%], 

 respectively, in the first 2 weeks postadministration. 

 Protection against nonmalaria fevers with a skin condition 

 persisted up to 28 days: PE: 46.3% [35.1; 55.6%]. CONCLUSIONS: 

 The benefits of AZ-MDA are broad-ranging but short-lived. To 

 maximize impact, timing of AZ-MDA must address the challenge of 

 targeting asynchronous morbidity and mortality peaks from 

 different causes.},

note = {© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

PMID: 33417683 

PMCID: PMC8492219},

keywords = {Antimalarials/therapeutic use, Azithromycin, Azithromycin/therapeutic use, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Chemoprevention, Child, child mortality, Drug Combinations, duration of protection, Humans, Infant, Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Mali/epidemiology, Preschool, Sahel, seasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chandramohan2021-qm,

title = {Seasonal malaria vaccination with or without seasonal malaria  chemoprevention},

author = {Daniel Chandramohan and Issaka Zongo and Issaka Sagara and Matthew Cairns and Rakiswend\'{e}-Serge Yerbanga and Modibo Diarra and Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric Niki`ema and Amadou Tapily and Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric Sompougdou and Djibrilla Issiaka and Charles Zoungrana and Koualy Sanogo and Alassane Haro and Mahamadou Kaya and Abdoul-Aziz Sienou and Seydou Traore and Almahamoudou Mahamar and Ismaila Thera and Kalifa Diarra and Amagana Dolo and Irene Kuepfer and Paul Snell and Paul Milligan and Christian Ockenhouse and Opokua Ofori-Anyinam and Halidou Tinto and Abdoulaye Djimde and Jean-Bosco Ou\'{e}draogo and Alassane Dicko and Brian Greenwood},

doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa2026330},

issn = {1533-4406 0028-4793},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-09},

urldate = {2021-09-09},

journal = {N. Engl. J. Med.},

volume = {385},

number = {11},

pages = {1005--1017},

publisher = {Massachusetts Medical Society},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria control remains a challenge in many parts of 

 the Sahel and sub-Sahel regions of Africa. METHODS: We conducted 

 an individually randomized, controlled trial to assess whether 

 seasonal vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E was noninferior to 

 chemoprevention in preventing uncomplicated malaria and whether 

 the two interventions combined were superior to either one alone 

 in preventing uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria-related 

 outcomes. RESULTS: We randomly assigned 6861 children 5 to 17 

 months of age to receive sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and 

 amodiaquine (2287 children [chemoprevention-alone group]), 

 RTS,S/AS01E (2288 children [vaccine-alone group]), or 

 chemoprevention and RTS,S/AS01E (2286 children [combination 

 group]). Of these, 1965, 1988, and 1967 children in the three 

 groups, respectively, received the first dose of the assigned 

 intervention and were followed for 3 years. Febrile seizure 

 developed in 5 children the day after receipt of the vaccine, 

 but the children recovered and had no sequelae. There were 305 

 events of uncomplicated clinical malaria per 1000 person-years 

 at risk in the chemoprevention-alone group, 278 events per 1000 

 person-years in the vaccine-alone group, and 113 events per 1000 

 person-years in the combination group. The hazard ratio for the 

 protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E as compared with 

 chemoprevention was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 

 1.01), which excluded the prespecified noninferiority margin of 

 1.20. The protective efficacy of the combination as compared 

 with chemoprevention alone was 62.8% (95% CI, 58.4 to 66.8) 

 against clinical malaria, 70.5% (95% CI, 41.9 to 85.0) against 

 hospital admission with severe malaria according to the World 

 Health Organization definition, and 72.9% (95% CI, 2.9 to 

 92.4) against death from malaria. The protective efficacy of the 

 combination as compared with the vaccine alone against these 

 outcomes was 59.6% (95% CI, 54.7 to 64.0), 70.6% (95% CI, 

 42.3 to 85.0), and 75.3% (95% CI, 12.5 to 93.0), respectively. 

 CONCLUSIONS: Administration of RTS,S/AS01E was noninferior to 

 chemoprevention in preventing uncomplicated malaria. The 

 combination of these interventions resulted in a substantially 

 lower incidence of uncomplicated malaria, severe malaria, and 

 death from malaria than either intervention alone. (Funded by 

 the Joint Global Health Trials and PATH; ClinicalTrials.gov 

 number, NCT03143218.).},

note = {Copyright © 2021 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Place: United States

PMID: 34432975},

keywords = {Amodiaquine/therapeutic use, Antimalarials/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Chemoprevention, Combination, Combined Modality Therapy, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Drug Therapy, Falciparum/epidemiology/mortality/prevention \& control, Febrile/etiology, Female, Hospitalization/statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Malaria Vaccines/administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Male, Mali/epidemiology, Pyrimethamine/therapeutic use, Seasons, Seizures, Sulfadoxine/therapeutic use},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Traore2021-vr,

title = {COVID-19 epidemiological, sociological and anthropological  investigation: study protocol for a multidisciplinary mixed  methods research in Burkina Faso},

author = {Isidore Tiandiogo Traor\'{e} and Samiratou Ouedraogo and Dramane Kania and Firmin Nongodo Kabor\'{e} and Blahima Konat\'{e} and Rachel M\'{e}dah and Hermann Badolo and Nathalie Rekeneire and Ariane Mamguem Kamga and Armel Poda and Arnaud Eric Diendere and Boukary Ou\'{e}draogo and Esperance Ou\'{e}draogo and Oumar Billa and Halidou Tinto and Tienhan Sandrine Dabakuyo-Yonli},

doi = {10.1186/s12879-021-06543-4},

issn = {1471-2334},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-03},

urldate = {2021-09-03},

journal = {BMC Infect. Dis.},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {896},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: The world has high hopes of vaccination against 

 COVID-19 to protect the population, boost economies and return to 

 normal life. Vaccination programmes are being rolled out in high 

 income countries, but the pandemic continues to progress in many 

 low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) despite implementation of 

 strict hygiene measures. We aim to present a comprehensive 

 research protocol that will generate epidemiological, 

 sociological and anthropological data about the COVID-19 epidemic 

 in Burkina Faso, a landlocked country in West Africa with scarce 

 resources. METHODS: We will perform a multidisciplinary research 

 using mixed methods in the two main cities in Burkina Faso 

 (Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso). Data will be collected in the 

 general population and in COVID-19 patients, caregivers and 

 health care professionals in reference care centers: (i) to 

 determine cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the 

 Burkinabe population using blood samples collected from randomly 

 selected households according to the WHO-recommended protocol; 

 (ii) develop a score to predict severe complications of COVID-19 

 in persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 using retrospective and 

 prospective data; (iii) perform semi-structured interviews and 

 direct observation on site, to describe and analyze the 

 healthcare pathways and experiences of patients with COVID-19 

 attending reference care centers, and to identify the 

 perceptions, acceptability and application of preventive 

 strategies among the population. DISCUSSION: This study will 

 generate comprehensive data that will contribute to improving 

 COVID-19 response strategies in Burkina Faso. The lessons learned 

 from the management of this epidemic may serve as examples to the 

 country authorities to better design preventive strategies in the 

 case of future epidemics or pandemics. The protocol was approved 

 by the Ministry for Health (N° 2020-00952/MS/CAB/INSP/CM) and the 

 Health Research Ethics Committee in Burkina Faso (N° 2020-8-140).},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34479501 

PMCID: PMC8414025},

keywords = {Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Clinical epidemiology, COVID-19, Humans, Predictive score, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, SARS-Cov-2, Sero-epidemiology, Socio-anthropology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Roberts2021-gg,

title = {Seasonal patterns of malaria, genital infection, nutritional and  iron status in non-pregnant and pregnant adolescents in Burkina  Faso: a secondary analysis of trial data},

author = {Stephen A Roberts and Loretta Brabin and Halidou Tinto and Sabine Gies and Salou Diallo and Bernard Brabin},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11819-0},

issn = {1471-2458},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-01},

urldate = {2021-09-01},

journal = {BMC Public Health},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {1764},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adolescents are considered at high risk of developing iron deficiency. Studies in children indicate that the prevalence of iron deficiency increased with  malaria transmission, suggesting malaria seasonally may drive iron deficiency. This  paper examines monthly seasonal infection patterns of malaria, abnormal vaginal  flora, chorioamnionitis, antibiotic and antimalarial prescriptions, in relation to  changes in iron biomarkers and nutritional indices in adolescents living in a rural  area of Burkina Faso, in order to assess the requirement for seasonal infection  control and nutrition interventions. METHODS: Data collected between April 2011 and  January 2014 were available for an observational seasonal analysis, comprising  scheduled visits for 1949 non-pregnant adolescents (≤19 years), (315 of whom  subsequently became pregnant), enrolled in a randomised trial of periconceptional  iron supplementation. Data from trial arms were combined. Body Iron Stores (BIS)  were calculated using an internal regression for ferritin to allow for inflammation.  At recruitment 11% had low BIS (\< 0 mg/kg). Continuous outcomes were fitted to a  mixed-effects linear model with month, age and pregnancy status as fixed effect  covariates and woman as a random effect. Dichotomous infection outcomes were fitted  with analogous logistic regression models. RESULTS: Seasonal variation in malaria  parasitaemia prevalence ranged between 18 and 70% in non-pregnant adolescents  (P \< 0.001), peaking at 81% in those who became pregnant. Seasonal variation  occurred in antibiotic prescription rates (0.7-1.8 prescriptions/100 weekly visits,  P \< 0.001) and chorioamnionitis prevalence (range 15-68%, P = 0.026). Mucosal  vaginal lactoferrin concentration was lower at the end of the wet season (range  2-22 μg/ml, P \< 0.016), when chorioamnionitis was least frequent. BIS fluctuated  annually by up to 53.2% per year around the mean BIS (5.1 mg/kg(2), range  4.1-6.8 mg/kg), with low BIS (\< 0 mg/kg) of 8.7% in the dry and 9.8% in the wet  seasons (P = 0.36). Median serum transferrin receptor increased during the wet  season (P \< 0.001). Higher hepcidin concentration in the wet season corresponded  with rising malaria prevalence and use of prescriptions, but with no change in BIS.  Mean Body Mass Index and Mid-Upper-Arm-Circumference values peaked mid-dry season  (both P \< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis supports preventive treatment of malaria  among adolescents 15-19 years to decrease their disease burden, especially  asymptomatic malaria. As BIS were adequate in most adolescents despite seasonal  malaria, a requirement for programmatic iron supplementation was not substantiated.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34579679 

PMCID: PMC8477466},

keywords = {Abnormal vaginal flora, Adolescents, Bacterial vaginosis, Body Mass Index, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Female, Humans, Iron, iron biomarkers, Malaria, Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology, MUAC, Pregnancy, Seasons, Vagina},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Noori2021-te,

title = {Patterns of child mortality in rural area of Burkina Faso:  evidence from the Nanoro health and demographic surveillance  system (HDSS)},

author = {Navideh Noori and Karim Derra and Innocent Valea and Assaf P Oron and Aminata Welgo and Toussaint Rouamba and Palwende Romuald Boua and Athanase M Som\'{e} and Eli Rouamba and Edward Wenger and Hermann Sorgho and Halidou Tinto and Andre Lin Ou\'{e}draogo},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11483-4},

issn = {1471-2458},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-19},

urldate = {2021-07-19},

journal = {BMC Public Health},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {1425},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Half of global child deaths occur in sub-Saharan 

 Africa. Understanding child mortality patterns and risk factors 

 will help inform interventions to reduce this heavy toll. The 

 Nanoro Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), 

 Burkina Faso was described previously, but patterns and 

 potential drivers of heterogeneity in child mortality in the 

 district had not been studied. Similar studies in other 

 districts indicated proximity to health facilities as a risk 

 factor, usually without distinction between facility types. 

 METHODS: Using Nanoro HDSS data from 2009 to 2013, we estimated 

 the association between under-5 mortality and proximity to 

 inpatient and outpatient health facilities, seasonality of 

 death, age group, and standard demographic risk factors. 

 RESULTS: Living in homes 40-60 min and \> 60 min travel time from 

 an inpatient facility was associated with 1.52 (95% CI: 

 1.13-2.06) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.27-2.40) greater hazard of 

 under-5 mortality, respectively, than living in homes \< 20 min 

 from an inpatient facility. No such association was found for 

 outpatient facilities. The wet season (July-November) was 

 associated with 1.28 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.53) higher under-5 

 mortality than the dry season (December-June), likely reflecting 

 the malaria season. CONCLUSIONS: Our results emphasize the 

 importance of geographical proximity to health care, distinguish 

 between inpatient and outpatient facilities, and also show a 

 seasonal effect, probably driven by malaria.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34281547 

PMCID: PMC8287796},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, child mortality, ChildHealth Facilities, Children under 5, Demographic surveillance, HDSS, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Nanoro, Spatial analysis, Travel},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jaspard2021-bl,

title = {Clinical presentation, outcomes and factors associated with  mortality: A prospective study from three COVID-19 referral  care centres in West Africa},

author = {Marie Jaspard and Mamadou Saliou Sow and Sylvain Juchet and Eric Diender\'{e} and Beatrice Serra and Richard Kojan and Billy Sivahera and Caroline Martin and Moumouni Kinda and Hans-Joerg Lang and Fod\'{e} Bangaly Sako and Fod\'{e} Amara Traor\'{e} and Eudoxie Koumbem and Halidou Tinto and Adama Sanou and Apoline Sondo and Flavien Kabor\'{e} and Joseph Donamou and Jean-Paul-Yassa Guilavogui and Fanny Velardo and Brice Bicaba and Olivier Marcy and Augustin Augier and Sani Sayadi and Armel Poda and Sakoba Keita and Xavier Anglaret and Denis Malvy and COVISTA group},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.024},

issn = {1878-3511 1201-9712},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-01},

urldate = {2021-07-01},

journal = {Int. J. Infect. Dis.},

volume = {108},

pages = {45--52},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The overall death toll from COVID-19 in Africa is 

 reported to be low but there is little individual-level evidence 

 on the severity of the disease. This study examined the clinical 

 spectrum and outcome of patients monitored in COVID-19 care 

 centres (CCCs) in two West-African countries. METHODS: Burkina 

 Faso and Guinea set up referral CCCs to hospitalise all 

 symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers, regardless of the severity of 

 their symptoms. Data collected from hospitalised patients by 

 November 2020 are presented. RESULT: A total of 1,805 patients 

 (64% men, median age 41 years) were admitted with COVID-19. 

 Symptoms lasted for a median of 7 days (IQR 4-11). During 

 hospitalisation, 443 (25%) had a SpO2 \< 94% at least once, 237 

 (13%) received oxygen and 266 (15%) took corticosteroids. 

 Mortality was 5% overall, and 1%, 5% and 14% in patients 

 aged \<40, 40-59 and $geq$60 years, respectively. In 

 multivariable analysis, the risk of death was higher in men (aOR 

 2.0, 95% CI 1.1; 3.6), people aged $geq$60 years (aOR 2.9, 

 95% CI 1.7; 4.8) and those with chronic hypertension (aOR 2.1, 

 95% CI 1.2; 3.4). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 is as severe in Africa 

 as elsewhere, and there must be more vigilance for common risk 

 factors such as older age and hypertension.},

note = {Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

PMID: 34000419 

PMCID: PMC8120805},

keywords = {Adult, Aged, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Comorbidities, COVID-19, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Mortality, Prospective Studies, Referral and Consultation, SARS-Cov-2, sub-Saharan Africa},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{De_Wit2021-yi,

title = {Nutritional status in young children prior to the malaria  transmission season in Burkina Faso and Mali, and its impact on  the incidence of clinical malaria},

author = {Mariken Wit and Matthew Cairns and Yves Daniel Compaor\'{e} and Issaka Sagara and Irene Kuepfer and Issaka Zongo and Amadou Barry and Modibo Diarra and Amadou Tapily and Samba Coumare and Ismaila Thera and Frederic Nikiema and R Serge Yerbanga and Rosemonde M Guissou and Halidou Tinto and Alassane Dicko and Daniel Chandramohan and Brian Greenwood and Jean Bosco Ouedraogo},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03802-2},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-22},

urldate = {2021-06-22},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {274},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria and malnutrition remain major problems in 

 Sahel countries, especially in young children. The direct effect 

 of malnutrition on malaria remains poorly understood, and may 

 have important implications for malaria control. In this study, 

 nutritional status and the association between malnutrition and 

 subsequent incidence of symptomatic malaria were examined in 

 children in Burkina Faso and Mali who received either 

 azithromycin or placebo, alongside seasonal malaria 

 chemoprevention. METHODS: Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was 

 measured in all 20,185 children who attended a screening visit 

 prior to the malaria transmission season in 2015. Prior to the 

 2016 malaria season, weight, height and MUAC were measured among 

 4149 randomly selected children. Height-for-age, weight-for-age, 

 weight-for-height, and MUAC-for-age were calculated as 

 indicators of nutritional status. Malaria incidence was measured 

 during the following rainy seasons. Multivariable random effects 

 Poisson models were created for each nutritional indicator to 

 study the effect of malnutrition on clinical malaria incidence 

 for each country. RESULTS: In both 2015 and 2016, nutritional 

 status prior to the malaria season was poor. The most prevalent 

 form of malnutrition in Burkina Faso was being underweight 

 (30.5%; 95% CI 28.6-32.6), whereas in Mali stunting was most 

 prevalent (27.5%; 95% CI 25.6-29.5). In 2016, clinical malaria 

 incidence was 675 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 613-744) in 

 Burkina Faso, and 1245 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 1152-1347) 

 in Mali. There was some evidence that severe stunting was 

 associated with lower incidence of malaria in Mali (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.64-1.02; p = 0.08), but this association was not seen 

 in Burkina Faso. Being moderately underweight tended to be 

 associated with higher incidence of clinical malaria in Burkina Faso (RR 1.27; 95% CI 0.98-1.64; p = 0.07), while this was the 

 case in Mali for moderate wasting (RR 1.27; 95% CI 0.98-1.64; p = 0.07). However, these associations were not observed in 

 severely affected children, nor consistent between countries. 

 MUAC-for-age was not associated with malaria risk. CONCLUSIONS: 

 Both malnutrition and malaria were common in the study areas, 

 high despite high coverage of seasonal malaria chemoprevention 

 and long-lasting insecticidal nets. However, no strong or 

 consistent evidence was found for an association between any of 

 the nutritional indicators and the subsequent incidence of 

 clinical malaria.},

note = {PMID: 34158054 

PMCID: PMC8220741},

keywords = {Acute malnutrition, Antimalarials/administration \& dosage, Azithromycin/administration \& dosage, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Chronic malnutrition, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Malaria, Malaria/epidemiology/transmission, Male, Nutritional Status, Preschool, seasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Post2021-oo,

title = {Altered ex-vivo cytokine responses in children with asymptomatic  Plasmodium falciparum infection in Burkina Faso: An additional  argument to treat asymptomatic malaria?},

author = {Annelies Post and Berenger Kabor\'{e} and Mike Berendsen and Salou Diallo and Ousmane Traore and Rob J W Arts and Mihai G Netea and Leo A B Joosten and Halidou Tinto and Jan Jacobs and Quirijn Mast and Andr\'{e} Ven},

doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.614817},

issn = {1664-3224},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-09},

urldate = {2021-06-09},

journal = {Front. Immunol.},

volume = {12},

pages = {614817},

publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},

abstract = {Introduction: Patients with clinical malaria have an increased 

 risk for bacterial bloodstream infections. We hypothesized that 

 asymptomatic malaria parasitemia increases susceptibility for 

 bacterial infections through an effect on the innate immune 

 system. We measured circulating cytokine levels and ex-vivo 

 cytokine production capacity in asymptomatic malaria and 

 compared with controls. Methods: Data were collected from 

 asymptomatic participants \<5 years old with and without positive 

 malaria microscopy, as well as from hospitalized patients \<5 

 years old with clinical malaria, bacteremia, or 

 malaria/bacteremia co-infections in a malaria endemic region of 

 Burkina Faso. Circulating cytokines (TNF-$alpha$, IFN-$gamma$, 

 IL-6, IL-10) were measured using multiplex assays. Whole blood 

 from asymptomatic participants with and without positive malaria 

 microscopy were ex-vivo stimulated with S. aureus, E. coli LPS 

 and Salmonella Typhimurium; cytokine concentrations 

 (TNF-$alpha$, IFN-$gamma$, IL-1$beta$, IL-6, IL-10) were 

 measured on supernatants using ELISA. Results: Included were children with clinical malaria (n=118), bacteremia (n=22), malaria and bacteremia co-infection (n=9), asymptomatic malaria (n=125), and asymptomatic controls (n=237). Children with either 

 clinical or asymptomatic malaria had higher plasma cytokine 

 concentrations than controls. Cytokine concentrations correlated 

 positively with malaria parasite density with the strongest correlation for IL-10 in both asymptomatic (r=0.63) and clinical malaria (r=0.53). Patients with bacteremia had lower circulating 

 IL-10, TNF-$alpha$ and IFN-$gamma$ and higher IL-6 

 concentrations, compared to clinical malaria. Ex-vivo whole 

 blood cytokine production to LPS and S. aureus was significantly 

 lower in asymptomatic malaria compared to controls. Whole blood 

 IFN-$gamma$ and IL-10 production in response to Salmonella was 

 also lower in asymptomatic malaria. Interpretation: In children 

 with asymptomatic malaria, cytokine responses upon ex-vivo 

 bacterial stimulation are downregulated. Further studies are 

 needed to explore if the suggested impaired innate immune 

 response to bacterial pathogens also translates into impaired 

 control of pathogens such as Salmonella spp.},

note = {Copyright © 2021 Post, Kabor\'{e}, Berendsen, Diallo, Traore, Arts, Netea, Joosten, Tinto, Jacobs, de Mast and van der Ven.

PMID: 34177883 

PMCID: PMC8220162},

keywords = {Asymptomatic Diseases, asymptomatic malaria, bacteraemia, Bacteremia, bloodstream infection, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Cells, Child, Cultured, Cytokines/metabolism, Endemic Diseases, Female, Humans, Infant, iNTS, Lipopolysaccharides/immunology, Malaria/epidemiology/immunology, Male, Parasite Load, Plasmodium falciparum/physiology, Preschool, Salmonella},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sondo2021-kc,

title = {Assessment of a combined strategy of seasonal malaria  chemoprevention and supplementation with vitamin A, zinc and  Plumpy'Doz™ to prevent malaria and malnutrition in children  under 5 years old in Burkina Faso: a randomized open-label trial  (SMC-NUT)},

author = {Paul Sondo and Marc Christian Tahita and Toussaint Rouamba and Karim Derra and B\'{e}renger Kabor\'{e} and Cheick Sa"id Compaor\'{e} and Florence Ou\'{e}draogo and Eli Rouamba and Hamidou Ilboudo and Estelle A"issa Bambara and Macaire Nana and Edmond Yabr\'{e} Sawadogo and Hermann Sorgho and Athanase Mwinessobaonfou Som\'{e} and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Prabin Dahal and Maminata Traor\'{e}/Coulibaly and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.1186/s13063-021-05320-7},

issn = {1745-6215},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-24},

urldate = {2021-05-24},

journal = {Trials},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {360},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria and malnutrition represent major public 

 health concerns worldwide especially in Sub-Sahara Africa. 

 Despite implementation of seasonal malaria chemoprophylaxis 

 (SMC), an intervention aimed at reducing malaria incidence among 

 children aged 3-59 months, the burden of malaria and associated 

 mortality among children below age 5 years remains high in 

 Burkina Faso. Malnutrition, in particular micronutrient 

 deficiency, appears to be one of the potential factors that can 

 negatively affect the effectiveness of SMC. Treating 

 micronutrient deficiencies is known to reduce the incidence of 

 malaria in highly prevalent malaria zone such as rural settings. 

 Therefore, we hypothesized that a combined strategy of SMC 

 together with a daily oral nutrients supplement will enhance the 

 immune response and decrease the incidence of malaria and 

 malnutrition among children under SMC coverage. METHODS: 

 Children (6-59 months) under SMC coverage receiving vitamin A 

 supplementation will be randomly assigned to one of the three 

 study arms (a) SMC + vitamin A alone, (b) SMC + vitamin A + 

 zinc, or (c) SMC + vitamin A + Plumpy'Doz™ using 1:1:1 

 allocation ratio. After each SMC monthly distribution, children 

 will be visited at home to confirm drug administration and 

 followed-up for 1 year. Anthropometric indicators will be 

 recorded at each visit and blood samples will be collected for 

 microscopy slides, haemoglobin measurement, and spotted onto 

 filter paper for further PCR analyses. The primary outcome 

 measure is the incidence of malaria in each arm. Secondary 

 outcome measures will include mid-upper arm circumference and 

 weight gain from baseline measurements, coverage and compliance 

 to SMC, occurrence of adverse events (AEs), and prevalence of 

 molecular markers of antimalarial resistance comprising Pfcrt, 

 Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr, and Pfdhps. DISCUSSION: This study will 

 demonstrate an integrated strategy of malaria and malnutrition 

 programmes in order to mutualize resources for best impact. By 

 relying on existing strategies, the policy implementation of 

 this joint intervention will be scalable at country and regional 

 levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04238845 . 

 Registered on 23 January 2020 

 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04238845.},

note = {PMID: 34030705 

PMCID: PMC8142067},

keywords = {Antimalarials/adverse effects, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Chemoprevention, Child, Child Nutrition Disorders, Dietary Supplements, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Malaria/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Malnutrition, Malnutrition/diagnosis/drug therapy/prevention \& control, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Plumpy’Doz™, Preschool, Randomized controlled trial, Seasonal chemoprevention, Seasons, Vitamin A, Vitamin A/adverse effects, Zinc},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rouamba2021-gn,

title = {Asymptomatic malaria and anaemia among pregnant women during  high and low malaria transmission seasons in Burkina Faso:  household-based cross-sectional surveys in Burkina Faso, 2013  and 2017},

author = {Toussaint Rouamba and S\'{e}kou Samadoulougou and Mady Ou\'{e}draogo and Herv\'{e} Hien and Halidou Tinto and Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03703-4},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-01},

urldate = {2021-05-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {211},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria in endemic countries is often asymptomatic 

 during pregnancy, but it has substantial consequences for both 

 the mother and her unborn baby. During pregnancy, anaemia is an 

 important consequence of malaria infection. In Burkina Faso, the 

 intensity of malaria varies according to the season, albeit the 

 prevalence of malaria and anaemia as well as their risk factors, 

 during high and low malaria transmission seasons is 

 underexplored at the household level. METHODS: Data of 1751 

 pregnant women from October 2013 to March 2014 and 1931 pregnant 

 women from April 2017 to June 2017 were drawn from two 

 cross-sectional household surveys conducted in 24 health 

 districts of Burkina Faso. Pregnant women were tested for 

 malaria in their household after consenting. Asymptomatic 

 carriage was defined as a positive result from malaria rapid 

 diagnostic tests in the absence of clinical symptoms of malaria. 

 Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin level less than 11 g/dL in 

 the first and third trimester and less than 10.5 g/dL in the 

 second trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS: Prevalence of 

 asymptomatic malaria in pregnancy was estimated at 23.9% (95% 

 CI 20.2-28.0) during the high transmission season 

 (October-November) in 2013. During the low transmission season, 

 it was 12.7% (95% CI 10.9-14.7) between December and March in 

 2013-2014 and halved (6.4%; 95% CI 5.3-7.6) between April and 

 June 2017. Anaemia prevalence was estimated at 59.4% (95% CI 

 54.8-63.8) during the high transmission season in 2013. During 

 the low transmission season, it was 50.6% (95% CI 47.7-53.4) 

 between December and March 2013-2014 and 65.0% (95% CI 

 62.8-67.2) between April and June, 2017. CONCLUSION: This study 

 revealed that the prevalence of malaria asymptomatic carriage 

 and anaemia among pregnant women at the community level remain 

 high throughout the year. Thus, more efforts are needed to 

 increase prevention measures such as IPTp-SP coverage in order 

 to reduce anaemia and contribute to preventing low birth weight 

 and poor pregnancy outcomes.},

keywords = {Adult, Anemia/epidemiology/parasitology, Asymptomatic carriage, Asymptomatic Infections/epidemiology, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Community, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Haemoglobin, Humans, Malaria/epidemiology/parasitology, Parasitic/epidemiology/parasitology, Plasmodium, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnant, Pregnant Women, Prevalence, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lompo2021-sk,

title = {Pathogens associated with acute diarrhea, and comorbidity with  malaria among children under five years old in rural Burkina  Faso},

author = {Palpouguini Lompo and Marc Christian Tahita and Hermann Sorgho and William Kabor\'{e} and Adama Kazienga and Ashmed Cheick Bachirou Nana and Hamtandi Magloire Natama and Isidore Juste Ouindgueta Bonkoungou and Nicolas Barro and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.2021.38.259.15864},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-01},

urldate = {2021-03-01},

journal = {Pan Afr. Med. J.},

volume = {38},

pages = {259},

publisher = {Pan African Medical Journal},

abstract = {INTRODUCTION: acute diarrhea in children under five years is a public health problem in developing countries and particularly in malaria-endemic areas where both  diseases co-exist. The present study examined the etiology of childhood diarrhea and  its comorbidity with malaria in a rural area of Burkina Faso. 

METHODS: conventional  culture techniques, direct stools examination, and viruses´ detection by rapid tests  were performed on the fresh stools and microscopy was used to diagnose malaria. Some  risk factors were also assessed. RESULTS: on a total of 191 samples collected, at  least one pathogen was identified in 89 cases (46.6%). The proportions of pathogens  found on the 89 positive stool samples were parasites 51.69% (46 cases), viruses  39.33% (35 cases), and bacteria 14.61% (13 cases), respectively. The relationship  between malaria and infectious diarrhea was significant in viral and parasites  causes (p=0.005 and 0.043 respectively). Fever, vomiting and abdominal pain were the  major symptoms associated with diarrhea, with 71.51%, 31.72% and 23.66%  respectively. The highest viral diarrhea prevalence was reported during the dry  season (OR=5.29, 95% CI: 1.74 - 16.07, p=0.001) while parasite diarrhea was more  encountered during the rainy season (OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.33 - 0.87, p=0.011).  CONCLUSION: Giardia spp and rotavirus were the leading cause of acute diarrhea in  Nanoro, Burkina Faso with a predominance of rotavirus in children less than 2 years.  Parasite and viral diarrhea were the most pathogens associated with malaria.  However, the high rate of negative stool samples suggests the need to determine  other enteric microorganisms.},

note = {Copyright: Palpouguini Lompo et al.

PMID: 34104307 

PMCID: PMC8164431},

keywords = {Abdominal Pain/epidemiology, Acute Disease, bacteria, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Comorbidity, Diarrhea, Diarrhea/epidemiology/microbiology, Female, Fever/epidemiology, Giardiasis/epidemiology, Humans, Infant, infectious, Malaria, Malaria/epidemiology, Male, parasite, pathogens, Preschool, Prevalence, Risk Factors, rotavirus, Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology, Rural Population, Seasons, Vomiting/epidemiology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sondo2021-at,

title = {Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in symptomatic  patients shows significant association with genetically diverse  infections, anaemia, and asexual stage density},

author = {Paul Sondo and Biebo Bihoun and Marc Christian Tahita and Karim Derra and Toussaint Rouamba and Seydou Nakanabo Diallo and Adama Kazienga and Hamidou Ilboudo and Innocent Valea and Zekiba Tarnagda and Hermann Sorgho and Thierry Lef`evre and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-020-03559-0},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-07},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {31},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multi-genotype malaria infections are frequent in 

 endemic area, and people commonly harbour several genetically 

 distinct Plasmodium falciparum variants. The influence of 

 genetic multiplicity and whether some specific genetic variants 

 are more or less likely to invest into gametocyte production is 

 not clearly understood. This study explored host and 

 parasite-related risk factors for gametocyte carriage, and the 

 extent to which some specific P. falciparum genetic variants are 

 associated with gametocyte carriage. METHODS: Gametocytes and 

 asexual forms were detected by light microscopy on thick smears 

 collected between 2010 and 2012 in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. 

 Merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 were genotyped by nested PCR 

 on clinical samples. Associations between gametocyte carriage 

 and factors, including multiplicity of infection, parasite 

 density, patient age, gender, haemoglobin (Hb) level, and body 

 temperature were assessed. The relationship between the presence 

 of a particular msp1 and msp2 genetic variants and gametocyte 

 carriage was also explored. RESULTS: Of the 724 samples positive 

 to P. falciparum and successfully genotyped, gametocytes were 

 found in 48 samples (6.63%). There was no effect of patient 

 gender, age and body temperature on gametocyte carriage. 

 However, the probability of gametocyte carriage significantly 

 increased with increasing values of multiplicity of infection 

 (MOI). Furthermore, there was a negative association between 

 parasite density and gametocyte carriage. MOI decreased with 

 parasite density in gametocyte-negative patients, but increased 

 in gametocyte carriers. The probability of gametocyte carriage 

 decreased with Hb level. Finally, the genetic composition of the 

 infection influenced gametocyte carriage. In particular, the 

 presence of RO33 increased the odds of developing gametocytes by 

 2 while the other allelic families K1, MAD20, FC27, and 3D7 had 

 no significant impact on the occurrence of gametocytes in 

 infected patients. CONCLUSION: This study provides insight into 

 potential factors influencing gametocyte production in 

 symptomatic patients. The findings contribute to enhance 

 understanding of risk factors associated with gametocyte 

 carriage in humans. Trial registration NCT01232530.},

note = {PMID: 33413393 

PMCID: PMC7791700},

keywords = {Anemia/epidemiology/parasitology, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Falciparum/epidemiology/parasitology, Gametocyte, Humans, Malaria, msp1, msp2, Multiplicity of infection, Plasmodium   falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum/physiology},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Skrip2020-fq,

title = {Clinical management and mortality among COVID-19 cases in  sub-Saharan Africa: A retrospective study from Burkina Faso and  simulated case analysis},

author = {Laura Skrip and Karim Derra and Mikaila Kabor\'{e} and Navideh Noori and Adama Gansan\'{e} and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Halidou Tinto and Bicaba W Brice and Mollie Van Gordon and Brittany Hagedorn and Herv\'{e} Hien and Benjamin M Althouse and Edward A Wenger and Andr\'{e} Lin Ou\'{e}draogo},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1432},

issn = {1878-3511 1201-9712},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-01},

urldate = {2020-12-01},

journal = {Int. J. Infect. Dis.},

volume = {101},

pages = {194--200},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Absolute numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths 

 reported to date in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region have 

 been significantly lower than those across the Americas, Asia 

 and Europe. As a result, there has been limited information 

 about the demographic and clinical characteristics of deceased 

 cases in the region, as well as the impacts of different case 

 management strategies. METHODS: Data from deceased cases 

 reported across SSA through 10 May 2020 and from hospitalized 

 cases in Burkina Faso through 15 April 2020 were analyzed. 

 Demographic, epidemiological and clinical information on 

 deceased cases in SSA was derived through a line-list of 

 publicly available information and, for cases in Burkina Faso, 

 from aggregate records at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire 

 de Tengandogo in Ouagadougou. A synthetic case population was 

 probabilistically derived using distributions of age, sex and 

 underlying conditions from populations of West African countries 

 to assess individual risk factors and treatment effect sizes. 

 Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the 

 adjusted odds of survival for patients receiving oxygen therapy 

 or convalescent plasma, based on therapeutic effectiveness 

 observed for other respiratory illnesses. RESULTS: Across SSA, 

 deceased cases for which demographic data were available were 

 predominantly male (63/103, 61.2%) and aged \>50 years (59/75, 

 78.7%). In Burkina Faso, specifically, the majority of deceased 

 cases either did not seek care at all or were hospitalized for a 

 single day (59.4%, 19/32). Hypertension and diabetes were often 

 reported as underlying conditions. After adjustment for sex, age 

 and underlying conditions in the synthetic case population, the 

 odds of mortality for cases not receiving oxygen therapy were 

 significantly higher than for those receiving oxygen, such as 

 due to disruptions to standard care (OR 2.07; 95% CI 

 1.56-2.75). Cases receiving convalescent plasma had 50% reduced 

 odds of mortality than those who did not (95% CI 0.24-0.93). 

 CONCLUSIONS: Investment in sustainable production and 

 maintenance of supplies for oxygen therapy, along with messaging 

 around early and appropriate use for healthcare providers, 

 caregivers and patients could reduce COVID-19 deaths in SSA. 

 Further investigation into convalescent plasma is warranted 

 until data on its effectiveness specifically in treating 

 COVID-19 becomes available. The success of supportive or 

 curative clinical interventions will depend on earlier treatment 

 seeking, such that community engagement and risk communication 

 will be critical components of the response.},

note = {Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

PMID: 32987177 

PMCID: PMC7518969},

keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Africa South of the Sahara, Aged, Antiviral Agents/administration \& dosage, Asia/epidemiology, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infection: convalescent plasma, COVID-19/drug therapy/epidemiology/mortality/therapy, Europe/epidemiology, Female, Health systems strengthening, Humans, Immunization, Infant, Male, Mortality, Oxygen therapy, Pandemics, Passive, Preschool, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/physiology, sub-Saharan Africa, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}