Publications

@article{Schmit2024,

title = {The public health impact and cost-effectiveness of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine: a mathematical modelling study},

author = {Nora Schmit and Hillary M. Topazian and H. Magloire Natama and Duncan Bellamy and Ousmane Traor\'{e} and M. Athanase Som\'{e} and Toussaint Rouamba and Marc Christian Tahita and Massa Achille Bonko and Aboubakary Sourabi\'{e} and Hermann Sorgho and Lisa Stockdale and Samuel Provstgaard-Morys and Jeremy Aboagye and Danielle Woods and Katerina Rapi and Mehreen S. Datoo and Fernando Ramos Lopez and Giovanni D. Charles and Kelly McCain and Jean Bosco Ouedraogo and Mainga Hamaluba and Ally Olotu and Alassane Dicko and Halidou Tinto and Adrian V. S. Hill and Katie J. Ewer and Azra C. Ghani and Peter Winskill},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38342107/},

doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00816-2},

issn = {1474-4457},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases},

volume = {24},

issue = {5},

pages = {465-475},

publisher = {Lancet Infect Dis},

abstract = {Background: The R21/Matrix-M vaccine has demonstrated high efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum clinical malaria in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Using trial data, we aimed to estimate the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccine introduction across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We fitted a semi-mechanistic model of the relationship between anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody titres and vaccine efficacy to data from 3 years of follow-up in the phase 2b trial of R21/Matrix-M in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. We validated the model by comparing predicted vaccine efficacy to that observed over 12\textendash18 months in the phase 3 trial. Integrating this framework within a mathematical transmission model, we estimated the cases, malaria deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted and cost-effectiveness over a 15-year time horizon across a range of transmission settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Cost-effectiveness was estimated incorporating the cost of vaccine introduction (dose, consumables, and delivery) relative to existing interventions at baseline. We report estimates at a median of 20% parasite prevalence in children aged 2\textendash10 years (PfPR2\textendash10) and ranges from 3% to 65% PfPR2\textendash10. Findings: Anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody titres were found to satisfy the criteria for a surrogate of protection for vaccine efficacy against clinical malaria. Age-based implementation of a four-dose regimen of R21/Matrix-M vaccine was estimated to avert 181 825 (range 38 815\textendash333 491) clinical cases per 100 000 fully vaccinated children in perennial settings and 202 017 (29 868\textendash405 702) clinical cases per 100 000 fully vaccinated children in seasonal settings. Similar estimates were obtained for seasonal or hybrid implementation. Under an assumed vaccine dose price of US$3, the incremental cost per clinical case averted was $7 (range 4\textendash48) in perennial settings and $6 (3\textendash63) in seasonal settings and the incremental cost per DALY averted was $34 (29\textendash139) in perennial settings and $30 (22\textendash172) in seasonal settings, with lower cost-effectiveness ratios in settings with higher PfPR2\textendash10. Interpretation: Introduction of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine could have a substantial public health benefit across sub-Saharan Africa. Funding: The Wellcome Trust, the Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Medical Research Council, the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership 2 and 3, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and the Serum Institute of India, Open Philanthropy.},

keywords = {Antibodies, Burkina Faso / epidemiology, Child, Cost-Benefit Analysis*, Falciparum* / economics, Falciparum* / epidemiology, Falciparum* / prevention \& control, Female, Hillary M Topazian, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Malaria Vaccines* / administration \& dosage, Malaria Vaccines* / economics, Malaria Vaccines* / immunology, Male, MEDLINE, Models, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, NIH, NLM, Non-U.S. Gov't, Nora Schmit, Peter Winskill, Plasmodium falciparum / immunology, pmid:38342107, Preschool, Protozoan / blood, Protozoan Proteins / immunology, Public Health* / economics, PubMed Abstract, Research Support, Theoretical*, Vaccine Efficacy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Malaria diagnosis challenges and pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions using pregnant women as sentinel population in Nanoro region, Burkina Faso},

author = {Irene Molina\textendashde Fuente and Marc Christian Tahita and Kabore B\'{e}renger and Thuy Huong Ta Tang and Luz Garc\'{i}a and Vicenta Gonz\'{a}lez and Agust\'{i}n Benito and Judith M. H\"{u}bschen and Halidou Tinto and Pedro Berzosa},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39140699/},

doi = {10.1080/20477724.2024.2388489},

issn = {2047-7732},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Pathogens and global health},

volume = {118},

issue = {6},

publisher = {Pathog Glob Health},

abstract = {Malaria in pregnancy causes adverse consequences and prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential for case management. In malaria endemic countries, diagnosis is mainly based on rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and microscopy. However, increasing reports of false negatives caused by low parasitemia and pfhrp2/3 deletions raise concerns about HRP2-based RDT usefulness. This study aimed to assess RDT and microscopy performance and to describe pfhrp2/3 deletions in a cohort of 418 pregnant women in Burkina Faso. Malaria was diagnosed using RDT and microscopy and blood samples were collected during antenatal care visits. Diagnostic results were compared to PCR as gold standard. Pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions were characterized for patients with confirmed P. falciparum infection. RDT had better sensitivity (76%) but lower specificity (83%) than microscopy (sensitivity = 57%; specificity = 98%). Low parasitemia (\<150 parasites/µL), especially in multigravidae, was the principal factor causing false negatives by both methods. Moreover, pfhrp2 deletion frequency among overall false negatives by RDT was 21.43%. Higher frequency of deletions was found among all samples, independently of RDT result, for example around 2% of samples had double deletions meaning that the majority of deletions had no effect on RDT testing. Finally, it was found higher pfhrp2 deletion in women with lower uterine height during the first trimester. Wider and National surveillance study of deletions is recommended among pregnant women and in Burkina Faso.},

keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Antigens, Burkina Faso / epidemiology, Diagnostic Tests, doi:10.1080/20477724.2024.2388489, Falciparum* / diagnosis, Falciparum* / epidemiology, Falciparum* / parasitology, Female, Gene Deletion*, Humans, Irene Molina-de la Fuente, Malaria, Marc Christian Tahita, MEDLINE, Microscopy, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, NIH, NLM, Non-U.S. Gov't, Parasitic / diagnosis, Parasitic / epidemiology, Pedro Berzosa, Plasmodium falciparum* / genetics, Plasmodium falciparum* / isolation \& purification, PMC11441055, pmid:39140699, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Protozoan Proteins* / genetics, Protozoan* / genetics, PubMed Abstract, Research Support, Routine* / methods, Sensitivity and Specificity*, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Performance of ultra-sensitive malaria rapid diagnostic test to detect Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo},

author = {Japhet Kabalu Tshiongo and Flory Luzolo and Melissa Kabena and Lise Kuseke and Moussa Djimde and Patrick Mitashi and Crispin Lumbala and Kassoum Kayentao and Sandra Menting and Petra F. Mens and Henk D. F. H. Schallig and Pascal Lutumba and Halidou Tinto and Hypolite Muhindo Mavoko and Vivi Maketa},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37872634/},

doi = {10.1186/S12936-023-04749-2},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Malaria journal},

volume = {22},

issue = {1},

publisher = {Malar J},

abstract = {Background: Low peripheral parasitaemia caused by sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum in the placenta hampers the diagnosis of malaria in pregnant women, leading to microscopy or conventional rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) false-negative results. Although mainly asymptomatic, maternal malaria remains harmful to pregnant women and their offspring in endemic settings and must be adequately diagnosed. Ultra-sensitive RDTs (uRDTs) are thought to be more sensitive than RDTs, and their diagnostic performance was assessed in the current study in pregnant women living in Kinshasa, a stable malaria transmission area in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods: To assess and compare the diagnostic performances of both RDTs and uRDTs, 497 peripheral blood samples were tested using microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as the index and the reference tests, respectively. The agreement between the different diagnostic tests assessed was estimated by Cohen's Kappa test. Results: The median parasite density by qPCR was 292 p/μL of blood [IQR (49.7\textendash1137)]. Using qPCR as the reference diagnostic test, the sensitivities of microscopy, RDT and uRDT were respectively [55.7% (95% CI 47.6\textendash63.6)], [81.7% (95%CI 74.7\textendash87.3)] and [88% (95% CI 81.9\textendash92.6)]. The specificities of the tests were calculated at 98.5% (95% CI 96.6\textendash99.5), 95.2% (95% CI 92.5\textendash97.2) and 94.4% (95% CI 91.4\textendash96.6) for microscopy, RDT and uRDT, respectively. The agreement between qPCR and uRDT was almost perfect (Kappa = 0.82). For parasite density (qPCR) below 100 p/µL, the sensitivity of RDT was 62% (95% CI 47.1\textendash75.3) compared to 68% (95% CI 53.3\textendash80.4) for uRDT. Between 100 and 200 p/µL, the sensitivity of RDT was higher, but still lower compared to uRDT: 89.4% (95% CI 66.8\textendash98.7) for RDT versus 100% (95% CI 82.3\textendash100) for uRDT. In both cases, microscopy was lower, with 20% (95% CI 10\textendash33.7) and 47.3% (95% CI 24.4\textendash71.1) respectively. Conclusions: uRDT has the potential to improve malaria management in pregnant women as it has been found to be slightly more sensitive than RDT in the detection of malaria in pregnant women but the difference was not significant. Microscopy has a more limited value for the diagnosis of malaria during the pregnancy, because of its lower sensitivity.},

keywords = {Antigens, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Diagnostic Tests, doi:10.1186/s12936-023-04749-2, Falciparum* / epidemiology, Female, Flory Luzolo, Humans, Japhet Kabalu Tshiongo, Malaria, Malaria*, MEDLINE, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, NIH, NLM, Plasmodium falciparum, PMC10594769, pmid:37872634, Pregnancy, Pregnant Women, Protozoan, PubMed Abstract, Rapid diagnostic tests, Routine / methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Vivi Maketa},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gansane2023,

title = {Randomized, open-label, phase 2a study to evaluate the contribution of artefenomel to the clinical and parasiticidal activity of artefenomel plus ferroquine in African patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria},

author = {Adama Gansane and Moussa Lingani and Adoke Yeka and Alain Nahum and Marielle Bouyou-Akotet and Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma and Grace Kaguthi and Catalina Barcel\'{o} and Bart Laurijssens and Cathy Cantalloube and Fiona Macintyre and Elhadj Djeriou and Andreas Jessel and Rapha\"{e}l Bejuit and Helen Demarest and Anne Claire Marrast and Siaka Debe and Halidou Tinto and Afizi Kibuuka and Diolinda Nahum and Denise Patricia Mawili-Mboumba and Rella Zoleko-Manego and Irene Mugenya and Frederick Olewe and Stephan Duparc and Bernhards Ogutu},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36597076/},

doi = {10.1186/S12936-022-04420-2},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Malaria journal},

volume = {22},

issue = {1},

publisher = {Malar J},

abstract = {Background: The contribution of artefenomel to the clinical and parasiticidal activity of ferroquine and artefenomel in combination in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria was investigated. Methods: This Phase 2a, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study was conducted from 11th September 2018 to 6th November 2019 across seven centres in Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Kenya, and Uganda. Patients aged ≥ 14\textendash69 years with microscopically confirmed infection (≥ 3000 to ≤ 50,000 parasites/µL blood) were randomized 1:1:1:1 to 400 mg ferroquine, or 400 mg ferroquine plus artefenomel 300, 600, or 1000 mg, administered as a single oral dose. The primary efficacy analysis was a logistic regression evaluating the contribution of artefenomel exposure to Day 28 PCR-adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR). Safety was also evaluated. Results: The randomized population included 140 patients. For the primary analysis in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic efficacy population (N = 121), the contribution of artefenomel AUC0\textendash∞ to Day 28 PCR-adjusted ACPR was not demonstrated when accounting for ferroquine AUC0\textendashd28, baseline parasitaemia, and other model covariates: odds ratio 1.1 (95% CI 0.98, 1.2; P = 0.245). In the per-protocol population, Day 28 PCR-adjusted ACPR was 80.8% (21/26; 95% CI 60.6, 93.4) with ferroquine alone and 90.3% (28/31; 95% CI 74.2, 98.0), 90.9% (30/33; 95% CI 75.7, 98.1) and 87.1% (27/31; 95% CI 70.2, 96.4) with 300, 600, and 1000 mg artefenomel, respectively. Median time to parasite clearance (Kaplan\textendashMeier) was 56.1 h with ferroquine, more rapid with artefenomel, but similar for all doses (30.0 h). There were no deaths. Adverse events (AEs) of any cause occurred in 51.4% (18/35) of patients with ferroquine 400 mg alone, and 58.3% (21/36), 66.7% (24/36), and 72.7% (24/33) with 300, 600, and 1000 mg artefenomel, respectively. All AEs were of mild-to-moderate severity, and consistent with the known profiles of the compounds. Vomiting was the most reported AE. There were no cases of QTcF prolongation ≥ 500 ms or \> 60 ms from baseline. Conclusion: The contribution of artefenomel exposure to the clinical and parasitological activity of ferroquine/artefenomel could not be demonstrated in this study. Parasite clearance was faster with ferroquine/artefenomel versus ferroquine alone. All treatments were well tolerated. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03660839 (7 September, 2018).},

keywords = {Adama Gansane, Aminoquinolines / therapeutic use, Antimalarials* / pharmacology, Bernhards Ogutu, Clinical Trial, doi:10.1186/s12936-022-04420-2, Drug Combinations, Falciparum* / drug therapy, Falciparum* / parasitology, Humans, Malaria, MEDLINE, Moussa Lingani, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, NIH, NLM, Phase II, Plasmodium falciparum, PMC9809015, pmid:36597076, PubMed Abstract, Randomized controlled trial, Treatment Outcome},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Unger2023,

title = {Fetal sex and risk of pregnancy-associated malaria in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic regions: a meta-analysis},

author = {Holger W. Unger and Anastasia Jessica Hadiprodjo and Julie R. Gutman and Valerie Briand and Nadine Fievet and Innocent Valea and Halidou Tinto and Umberto D’Alessandro and Sarah H. Landis and Feiko Ter Kuile and Peter Ouma and Martina Oneko and Victor Mwapasa and Laurence Slutsker and Dianne J. Terlouw and Simon Kariuki and John Ayisi and Bernard Nahlen and Meghna Desai and Mwayi Madanitsa and Linda Kalilani-Phiri and Per Ashorn and Kenneth Maleta and Antoinette Tshefu-Kitoto and Ivo Mueller and Danielle Stanisic and Jordan Cates and Anna Maria Van Eijk and Maria Ome-Kaius and Elizabeth H. Aitken and Stephen J. Rogerson},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37365258/},

doi = {10.1038/S41598-023-37431-3},

issn = {2045-2322},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Scientific reports},

volume = {13},

issue = {1},

publisher = {Sci Rep},

abstract = {In areas of moderate to intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission, malaria in pregnancy remains a significant cause of low birth weight, stillbirth, and severe anaemia. Previously, fetal sex has been identified to modify the risks of maternal asthma, pre-eclampsia, and gestational diabetes. One study demonstrated increased risk of placental malaria in women carrying a female fetus. We investigated the association between fetal sex and malaria in pregnancy in 11 pregnancy studies conducted in sub-Saharan African countries and Papua New Guinea through meta-analysis using log binomial regression fitted to a random-effects model. Malaria infection during pregnancy and delivery was assessed using light microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and histology. Five studies were observational studies and six were randomised controlled trials. Studies varied in terms of gravidity, gestational age at antenatal enrolment and bed net use. Presence of a female fetus was associated with malaria infection at enrolment by light microscopy (risk ratio 1.14 [95% confidence interval 1.04, 1.24]; P = 0.003; n = 11,729). Fetal sex did not associate with malaria infection when other time points or diagnostic methods were used. There is limited evidence that fetal sex influences the risk of malaria infection in pregnancy.},

keywords = {Anastasia Jessica Hadiprodjo, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37431-3, Extramural, Falciparum* / complications, Falciparum* / epidemiology, Female, Holger W Unger, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Malaria, Malaria* / complications, Malaria* / epidemiology, MEDLINE, Meta-Analysis, N.I.H., National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, Newborn, NIH, NLM, Non-U.S. Gov't, placenta, Plasmodium falciparum, PMC10293221, pmid:37365258, Pregnancy, PubMed Abstract, Research Support, Stephen J Rogerson, Stillbirth},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Prevalence of and risk factors for microscopic and submicroscopic malaria infections in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis},

author = {Anna Maria Eijk and Kasia Stepniewska and Jenny Hill and Steve M. Taylor and Stephen J. Rogerson and Gilles Cottrell and R. Matthew Chico and Julie R. Gutman and Halidou Tinto and Holger W. Unger and Stephanie K. Yanow and Steven R. Meshnick and Feiko O. Kuile and Alfredo Mayor and Steve M. Taylor and Stephen J. Rogerson and R. Matthew Chico and Julie R. Gutman and Hallidou Tinto and Holger W. Unger and Stephanie K. Yanow and Manfred Accrombessi and Ayola A. Adegnika and Rukhsana Ahmed and Eliana Mar\'{i}a Arango-Fl\'{o}rez and Myriam Arevalo-Herrera and Emmanual Arinaitwe and Paulo Arnaldo and Per Ashorn and Ulla Ashorn and Azucena Bardaji and Inoni Betuela and Praveen K. Bharti and Francis Bohissou and Camila B\^{o}tto-Menezes and Vera Braun and Valerie Briand and Jessica Briggs and Mar\'{i}a Eugenia Castellanos and Daniel Chandramohan and Enesia Banda Chaponda and Chetan Chitnis and Lauren M. Cohee and Michel Cot and Umberto d'Alessandro and Lise Denoeud-Ndam and Meghna Desai and Alassane Dicko and Xavier Ding and Grant Dorsey and Patrick E. Duffy and Maha A. Elbadry and Sonia M. Enosse and Yue Fan and Nadine Fievet and Michal Fried and Blaise Genton and Raquel Gonzalez and Brian Greenwood and Linda Kalilani and Johanna H. Kattenberg and Kassoum Kayentao and Carole Khairallah and Christopher L. King and Dhanpat Kumar Kochar and Swati Kochar and Felix Koukouikila-Koussounda and Sarah H. Landis and Miriam K. Laufer and Rose F. Leke and Eusebio Macete and Sonia Maculuve and Mwayiwawo Madanitsa and Almahamoudou Mahamar and Ken Maleta and Indu Malhotra and Rella Zoleko Manego and Flor Ernestina Martinez-Espinosa and Achille Massougbodji and Don Mathanga and Michela Menegon and Clara Menendez and Petra Mens and Martin Meremikwu and Frank P. Mockenhaupt and Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma and Dominic Mosha and Ivo Mueller and Alain Nahum and Paul Natureeba and Nicaise Ndam and Francine Ntoumi and Olabisi A. Oduwole and Bernard A. Okech and Maria Ome-Kaius and Kephas Otieno and Norma Padilla and Michal Ramharter and Rosemary Rochford and Anna Rosanas-Urgell and Maria Ruperez and Katherine R. Sabourin and Sergi Sanz and Henk D. Schallig and Susana Scott and Esperanca Sevene and Carlo Severini and Harry Tagbor and Diane Wallace Taylor and Maminata Traore Coulibaly and Ana Vasquez and Annie Walker-Abbey and Blair J. Wylie and Djimon M. Zannou and Stephen R. Meshnick},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37276878/},

doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00194-8},

issn = {2214-109X},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {The Lancet. Global health},

volume = {11},

issue = {7},

pages = {e1061-e1074},

publisher = {Lancet Glob Health},

abstract = {Background: Malaria infections during pregnancy can cause adverse birth outcomes, yet many infections are undetected by microscopy. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of submicroscopic malaria infections in pregnant women in Asia, the Americas, and Africa using aggregated and individual participant data (IPD). Methods: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, studies (published Jan 1, 1997 to Nov 10, 2021) with information on both microscopic and submicroscopic infections during pregnancy from Asia, the Americas, or Africa, identified in the Malaria-in-Pregnancy Library, were eligible. Studies (or subgroups or study groups) that selected participants on the basis of the presence of fever or a positive blood smear were excluded to avoid selection bias. We obtained IPD (when available) and aggregated data. Estimates of malaria transmission intensity and sulfadoxine\textendashpyrimethamine resistance, matched by study location and year, were obtained using publicly available data. One-stage multivariable logit and multinomial models with random intercepts for study site were used in meta-analysis to assess prevalence of and risk factors for submicroscopic infections during pregnancy and at delivery. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42015027342. Findings: The search identified 87 eligible studies, 68 (78%) of which contributed to the analyses. Of these 68 studies, 45 (66%) studies contributed IPD (48 869 participants) and 23 (34%) studies contributed aggregated data (11 863 participants). During pregnancy, median prevalence estimates were 13·5% (range 0·0\textendash55·9, 66 substudies) for submicroscopic and 8·0% (0·0\textendash50·6, 66 substudies) for microscopic malaria. Among women with positive Plasmodium nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), the median proportion of submicroscopic infections was 58·7% (range 0·0\textendash100); this proportion was highest in the Americas (73·3%, 0·0\textendash100), followed by Asia (67·2%, 36·4\textendash100) and Africa (56·5%, 20·5\textendash97·7). In individual patient data analysis, compared with women with no malaria infections, those with submicroscopic infections were more likely to present with fever in Africa (adjusted odds ratio 1·32, 95% CI 1·02\textendash1·72; p=0·038) but not in other regions. Among women with NAAT-positive infections in Asia and the Americas, Plasmodium vivax infections were more likely to be submicroscopic than Plasmodium falciparum infections (3·69, 2·45\textendash5·54; p\<0·0001). Risk factors for submicroscopic infections among women with NAAT-positive infections in Africa included older age (age ≥30 years), multigravidity, and no HIV infection. Interpretation: During pregnancy, submicroscopic infections are more common than microscopic infections and are associated with fever in Africa. Malaria control in pregnancy should target both microscopic and submicroscopic infections. Funding: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation through the Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network.},

keywords = {{Adult, Anna Maria van Eijk, Antimalarials* / therapeutic use, Author(firstnames='Achille', Author(firstnames='Alain', Author(firstnames='Alassane', Author(firstnames='Alfredo', Author(firstnames='Almahamoudou', Author(firstnames='Ana', Author(firstnames='Anna', Author(firstnames='Annie', Author(firstnames='Ayola A', Author(firstnames='Azucena', Author(firstnames='Bernard A', Author(firstnames='Blair J', Author(firstnames='Blaise', Author(firstnames='Brian', Author(firstnames='Camila', Author(firstnames='Carlo', Author(firstnames='Carole', Author(firstnames='Chetan', Author(firstnames='Christopher L', Author(firstnames='Clara', Author(firstnames='Daniel', Author(firstnames='Dhanpat Kumar', Author(firstnames='Diane Wallace', Author(firstnames='Djimon M', Author(firstnames='Dominic', Author(firstnames='Don', Author(firstnames='Eliana Mar\'{i}a', Author(firstnames='Emmanual', Author(firstnames='Enesia Banda', Author(firstnames='Esperanca', Author(firstnames='Eusebio', Author(firstnames='Feiko O', Author(firstnames='Felix', Author(firstnames='Flor Ernestina', Author(firstnames='Francine', Author(firstnames='Francis', Author(firstnames='Frank P', Author(firstnames='Ghyslain', Author(firstnames='Gilles', Author(firstnames='Grant', Author(firstnames='Hallidou', Author(firstnames='Harry', Author(firstnames='Henk D', Author(firstnames='Holger W', Author(firstnames='Indu', Author(firstnames='Inoni', Author(firstnames='Ivo', Author(firstnames='Jenny', Author(firstnames='Jessica', Author(firstnames='Johanna H', Author(firstnames='Julie R', Author(firstnames='Kasia', Author(firstnames='Kassoum', Author(firstnames='Katherine R', Author(firstnames='Ken', Author(firstnames='Kephas', Author(firstnames='Lauren M', Author(firstnames='Linda', Author(firstnames='Lise', Author(firstnames='Maha A', Author(firstnames='Maminata', Author(firstnames='Manfred', Author(firstnames='Mar\'{i}a Eugenia', Author(firstnames='Maria', Author(firstnames='Martin', Author(firstnames='Meghna', Author(firstnames='Michal', Author(firstnames='Michel', Author(firstnames='Michela', Author(firstnames='Miriam K', Author(firstnames='Mwayiwawo', Author(firstnames='Myriam', Author(firstnames='Nadine', Author(firstnames='Nicaise', Author(firstnames='Norma', Author(firstnames='Olabisi A', Author(firstnames='Patrick E', Author(firstnames='Paul', Author(firstnames='Paulo', Author(firstnames='Per', Author(firstnames='Petra', Author(firstnames='Praveen K', Author(firstnames='R Matthew', Author(firstnames='Raquel', Author(firstnames='Rella', Author(firstnames='Rose F', Author(firstnames='Rosemary', Author(firstnames='Rukhsana', Author(firstnames='Sarah H', Author(firstnames='Sergi', Author(firstnames='Sonia M', Author(firstnames='Sonia', Author(firstnames='Stephanie K', Author(firstnames='Stephen J', Author(firstnames='Stephen R', Author(firstnames='Steve M', Author(firstnames='Susana', Author(firstnames='Swati', Author(firstnames='Ulla', Author(firstnames='Umberto', Author(firstnames='Valerie', Author(firstnames='Vera', Author(firstnames='Xavier', Author(firstnames='Yue', CollabAuthor(name='Subpatent Malaria in Pregnancy Group', Falciparum* / drug therapy, Female, Humans, Kasia Stepniewska, Malaria, Malaria* / prevention \& control, MEDLINE, Meta-Analysis, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, NIH, NLM, Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., PMC10880462, Pregnancy, Prevalence, PubMed Abstract, Research Support, Risk Factors, Systematic review, U.S. Gov't},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Agnandji2023,

title = {Prostration and the prognosis of death in African children with severe malaria},

author = {Selidji T. Agnandji and Mario Recker and Benjamin Mordm\"{u}ller and Stephan Gl\"{o}ckner and Akim A. Adegnika and Bertrand Lell and Lucas Otieno and Walter Otieno and Seth Owusu-Agyei and Kwaku P. Asante and Tsiri Agbenyega and Daniel Ansong and Eusebio Macete and Pedro Aide and Hermann Sorgho and Halidou Tinto and Neema Mturi and John P. A. Lusingu and Samwel Gesase and Irving Hoffman and Nahya Salim Masoud and Charles R. Newton and Kalifa Bojang and G\'{e}rard Krause and Peter Gottfried Kremsner},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37414210/},

doi = {10.1016/J.IJID.2023.06.022},

issn = {1878-3511},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases},

volume = {134},

pages = {240-247},

publisher = {Int J Infect Dis},

abstract = {Objectives: Malaria is still one of the main reasons for hospitalization in children living in sub-Saharan Africa. Rapid risk stratification at admission is essential for optimal medical care and improved prognosis. Whereas coma, deep breathing, and, to a lesser degree, severe anemia are established predictors of malaria-related death, the value of assessing prostration for risk stratification is less certain. Methods: Here we used a retrospective multi-center analysis comprising over 33,000 hospitalized children from four large studies, including two observational studies from the Severe Malaria in African Children network, a randomized controlled treatment study, and the phase-3-clinical RTS,S-malaria vaccine trial, to evaluate known risk factors of mortality and with a specific emphasis on the role of prostration. Results: Despite comparable age profiles of the participants, we found significant inter- and intra-study variation in the incidence of fatal malaria as well as in the derived risk ratios associated with the four risk factors: coma, deep breathing, anemia, and prostration. Despite pronounced variations, prostration was significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality (P \<0.001) and its consideration resulted in improved predictive performance, both in a multivariate model and a univariate model based on the Lambar\'{e}n\'{e} Organ Dysfunction Score. Conclusion: Prostration is an important clinical criterion to determine severe pediatric malaria with possible fatal outcomes.},

keywords = {Anemia*, Child, Clinical Trial, Coma, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.06.022, Falciparum* / drug therapy, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Malaria* / complications, Malaria* / diagnosis, Mario Recker, MEDLINE, Multicenter Study, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, NIH, NLM, Peter Gottfried Kremsner, Phase III, pmid:37414210, Prognosis, PubMed Abstract, Randomized controlled trial, Selidji T Agnandji},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Neyer2023,

title = {Exploring the host factors affecting asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection: insights from a rural Burkina Faso study},

author = {Peter J. Neyer and B\'{e}renger Kabor\'{e} and Christos T. Nakas and Britta Hartmann and Annelies Post and Salou Diallo and Halidou Tinto and Angelika Hammerer-Lercher and Carlo R. Largiad\`{e}r and Andre J. Ven and Andreas R. Huber},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37658365/},

doi = {10.1186/S12936-023-04686-0},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Malaria journal},

volume = {22},

issue = {1},

publisher = {Malar J},

abstract = {Background: Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia forms a reservoir for the transmission of malaria disease in West Africa. Certain haemoglobin variants are known to protect against severe malaria infection. However, data on the potential roles of haemoglobin variants and nongenetic factors in asymptomatic malaria infection is scarce and controversial. Therefore, this study investigated the associations of iron homeostasis, inflammation, nutrition, and haemoglobin mutations with parasitaemia in an asymptomatic cohort from a P. falciparum-endemic region during the high transmission season. Methods: A sub-study population of 688 asymptomatic individuals (predominantly children and adolescents under 15 years},

keywords = {Adolescent, Andreas R Huber, Asymptomatic Infections / epidemiology, B\'{e}renger Kabor\'{e}, Burkina Faso / epidemiology, Child, doi:10.1186/s12936-023-04686-0, Falciparum* / epidemiology, hemoglobin, Hepcidins*, Humans, Malaria, MEDLINE, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, NIH, NLM, Peter J Neyer, Plasmodium falciparum / genetics, PMC10474782, pmid:37658365, PubMed Abstract, Sickle},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ogutu2023,

title = {Ganaplacide (KAF156) plus lumefantrine solid dispersion formulation combination for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an open-label, multicentre, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial},

author = {Bernhards Ogutu and Adoke Yeka and Sylvia Kusemererwa and Ricardo Thompson and Halidou Tinto and Andre Offianan Toure and Chirapong Uthaisin and Amar Verma and Afizi Kibuuka and Moussa Lingani and Carlos Louren\c{c}o and Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma and Videlis Nduba and Tiacoh Landry N'Guessan and Gu\'{e}tawend\'{e} Job Wilfried Nassa and Mary Nyantaro and Lucas Otieno Tina and Piyoosh K. Singh and Myriam El Gaaloul and Anne Claire Marrast and Havana Chikoto and Katalin Csermak and Ivan Demin and Dheeraj Mehta and Rashidkhan Pathan and Celine Risterucci and Guoqin Su and Cornelis Winnips and Grace Kaguthi and Bakary Fofana and Martin Peter Grobusch},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37327809/},

doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00209-8},

issn = {1474-4457},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases},

volume = {23},

issue = {9},

pages = {1051-1061},

publisher = {Lancet Infect Dis},

abstract = {Background: Emergence of drug resistance demands novel antimalarial drugs with new mechanisms of action. We aimed to identify effective and well tolerated doses of ganaplacide plus lumefantrine solid dispersion formulation (SDF) in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Methods: This open-label, multicentre, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial was conducted at 13 research clinics and general hospitals in ten African and Asian countries. Patients had microscopically-confirmed uncomplicated P falciparum malaria (\>1000 and \<150 000 parasites per μL). Part A identified the optimal dose regimens in adults and adolescents (aged ≥12 years) and in part B, the selected doses were assessed in children (≥2 years and \<12 years). In part A, patients were randomly assigned to one of seven groups (once a day ganaplacide 400 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 960 mg for 1, 2, or 3 days; ganaplacide 800 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 960 mg as a single dose; once a day ganaplacide 200 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 480 mg for 3 days; once a day ganaplacide 400 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 480 mg for 3 days; or twice a day artemether plus lumefantrine for 3 days [control]), with stratification by country (2:2:2:2:2:2:1) using randomisation blocks of 13. In part B, patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups (once a day ganaplacide 400 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 960 mg for 1, 2, or 3 days, or twice a day artemether plus lumefantrine for 3 days) with stratification by country and age (2 to \<6 years and 6 to \<12 years; 2:2:2:1) using randomisation blocks of seven. The primary efficacy endpoint was PCR-corrected adequate clinical and parasitological response at day 29, analysed in the per protocol set. The null hypothesis was that the response was 80% or lower, rejected when the lower limit of two-sided 95% CI was higher than 80%. This study is registered with EudraCT (2020\textendash003284\textendash25) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03167242). Findings: Between Aug 2, 2017, and May 17, 2021, 1220 patients were screened and of those, 12 were included in the run-in cohort, 337 in part A, and 175 in part B. In part A, 337 adult or adolescent patients were randomly assigned, 326 completed the study, and 305 were included in the per protocol set. The lower limit of the 95% CI for PCR-corrected adequate clinical and parasitological response on day 29 was more than 80% for all treatment regimens in part A (46 of 50 patients [92%, 95% CI 81\textendash98] with 1 day, 47 of 48 [98%, 89\textendash100] with 2 days, and 42 of 43 [98%, 88\textendash100] with 3 days of ganaplacide 400 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 960 mg; 45 of 48 [94%, 83\textendash99] with ganaplacide 800 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 960 mg for 1 day; 47 of 47 [100%, 93\textendash100] with ganaplacide 200 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 480 mg for 3 days; 44 of 44 [100%, 92\textendash100] with ganaplacide 400 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 480 mg for 3 days; and 25 of 25 [100%, 86\textendash100] with artemether plus lumefantrine). In part B, 351 children were screened, 175 randomly assigned (ganaplacide 400 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 960 mg once a day for 1, 2, or 3 days), and 171 completed the study. Only the 3-day regimen met the prespecified primary endpoint in paediatric patients (38 of 40 patients [95%, 95% CI 83\textendash99] vs 21 of 22 [96%, 77\textendash100] with artemether plus lumefantrine). The most common adverse events were headache (in seven [14%] of 51 to 15 [28%] of 54 in the ganaplacide plus lumefantrine-SDF groups and five [19%] of 27 in the artemether plus lumefantrine group) in part A, and malaria (in 12 [27%] of 45 to 23 [44%] of 52 in the ganaplacide plus lumefantrine-SDF groups and 12 [50%] of 24 in the artemether plus lumefantrine group) in part B. No patients died during the study. Interpretation: Ganaplacide plus lumefantrine-SDF was effective and well tolerated in patients, especially adults and adolescents, with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria. Ganaplacide 400 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 960 mg once daily for 3 days was identified as the optimal treatment regimen for adults, adolescents, and children. This combination is being evaluated further in a phase 2 trial (NCT04546633). Funding: Novartis and Medicines for Malaria Venture.},

keywords = {Adoke Yeka, Adolescent, Adult, Antimalarials*, Artemether / pharmacology, Artemether / therapeutic use, Artemisinins*, Bernhards Ogutu, Child, Clinical Trial, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00209-8, Drug Combinations, Ethanolamines / pharmacology, Ethanolamines / therapeutic use, Falciparum* / drug therapy, Falciparum* / parasitology, Fluorenes / pharmacology, Fluorenes / therapeutic use, Humans, Lumefantrine / pharmacology, Lumefantrine / therapeutic use, Malaria, Malaria* / drug therapy, Martin Peter Grobusch, MEDLINE, Multicenter Study, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, NIH, NLM, Non-U.S. Gov't, Phase II, Plasmodium falciparum, pmid:37327809, PubMed Abstract, Randomized controlled trial, Research Support, Treatment Outcome},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Djimde2023,

title = {Efficacy and safety of pyronaridine-artesunate (PYRAMAX) for the treatment of P. falciparum uncomplicated malaria in African pregnant women (PYRAPREG): study protocol for a phase 3, non-inferiority, randomised open-label clinical trial},

author = {Moussa Djimde and Japhet Kabalu Tshiongo and Hypolite Mavoko Muhindo and Halidou Tinto and Esperanca Sevene and Maminata Traore and Anifa Vala and Salesio MacUacua and Berenger Kabore and Edgard Diniba Dabira and Annette Erhart and Hamadoun Diakite and Mohamed Keita and Mireia Piqueras and Raquel Gonz\'{a}lez and Clara Menendez and Thomas P. C. Dorlo and Issaka Sagara and Petra Mens and Henk Schallig and Umberto D'Alessandro and Kassoum Kayentao},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37813539/},

doi = {10.1136/BMJOPEN-2022-065295},

issn = {2044-6055},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {BMJ open},

volume = {13},

issue = {10},

publisher = {BMJ Open},

abstract = {Introduction Malaria infection during pregnancy increases the risk of low birth weight and infant mortality and should be prevented and treated. Artemisinin-based combination treatments are generally well tolerated, safe and effective; the most used being artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP). Pyronaridine-artesunate (PA) is a new artemisinin-based combination. The main objective of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of PA versus AL or DP when administered to pregnant women with confirmed Plasmodium falciparum infection in the second or third trimester. The primary hypothesis is the pairwise non-inferiority of PA as compared with either AL or DP. Methods and analysis A phase 3, non-inferiority, randomised, open-label clinical trial to determine the safety and efficacy of AL, DP and PA in pregnant women with malaria in five sub-Saharan, malaria-endemic countries (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Mozambique and the Gambia). A total of 1875 pregnant women will be randomised to one of the treatment arms. Women will be actively monitored until Day 63 post-treatment, at delivery and 4-6 weeks after delivery, and infants' health will be checked on their first birthday. The primary endpoint is the PCR-adjusted rate of adequate clinical and parasitological response at Day 42 in the per-protocol population. Ethics and dissemination This protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee for Health Research in Burkina Faso, the National Health Ethics Committee in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology/Faculty of Pharmacy in Mali, the Gambia Government/MRCG Joint Ethics Committee and the National Bioethics Committee for Health in Mozambique. Written informed consent will be obtained from each individual prior to her participation in the study. The results will be published in peer-reviewed open access journals and presented at (inter)national conferences and meetings. Trial registration number PACTR202011812241529.},

keywords = {Antimalarials* / adverse effects, Artemether, Artemether / therapeutic use, Artemisinins* / adverse effects, Clinical Trial Protocol, Clinical Trials, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065295, Drug Combinations, Falciparum* / drug therapy, Female, Humans, Infant, Japhet Kabalu Tshiongo, Kassoum Kayentao, Lumefantrine Drug Combination / therapeutic use, Malaria, Malaria* / drug therapy, MEDLINE, Moussa Djimde, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, NIH, NLM, Non-U.S. Gov't, Phase III as Topic, PMC10565244, pmid:37813539, Pregnancy, Pregnant Women, PubMed Abstract, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Research Support, Sub-Saharan African People, Treatment Outcome},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Natama2023,

title = {Associations between prenatal malaria exposure, maternal antibodies at birth, and malaria susceptibility during the first year of life in Burkina Faso},

author = {Hamtandi Magloire Natama and Gemma Moncunill and Marta Vidal and Toussaint Rouamba and Ruth Aguilar and Rebeca Santano and Eduard Rovira-Vallbona and Alfons Jim\'{e}nez and M. Athanase Som\'{e} and Hermann Sorgho and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Maminata Coulibaly-Traor\'{e} and Ross L. Coppel and David Cavanagh and Chetan E. Chitnis and James G. Beeson and Evelina Angov and Sheetij Dutta and Benoit Gamain and Luis Izquierdo and Petra F. Mens and Henk D. F. H. Schallig and Halidou Tinto and Anna Rosanas-Urgell and Carlota Doba\~{n}o},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37754682/},

doi = {10.1128/IAI.00268-23},

issn = {1098-5522},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Infection and immunity},

volume = {91},

issue = {10},

pages = {290},

publisher = {Infect Immun},

abstract = {In this study, we investigated how different categories of prenatal malaria exposure (PME) influence levels of maternal antibodies in cord blood samples and the subsequent risk of malaria in early childhood in a birth cohort study (N = 661) nested within the COSMIC clinical trial (NCT01941264) in Burkina Faso. Plasmodium falciparum infections during pregnancy and infants’ clinical malaria episodes detected during the first year of life were recorded. The levels of maternal IgG and IgG1-4 to 15 P. falciparum antigens were measured in cord blood by quantitative suspension array technology. Results showed a significant variation in the magnitude of maternal antibody levels in cord blood, depending on the PME category, with past placental malaria (PM) more frequently associated with significant increases of IgG and/or subclass levels across three groups of antigens defined as pre-erythrocytic, erythrocytic, and markers of PM, as compared to those from the cord of non-exposed control infants. High levels of antibodies to certain erythrocytic antigens (i.e., IgG to EBA140 and EBA175, IgG1 to EBA175 and MSP142, and IgG3 to EBA140 and MSP5) were independent predictors of protection from clinical malaria during the first year of life. By contrast, high levels of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2 to the VAR2CSA DBL1-2 and IgG4 to DBL3-4 were significantly associated with an increased risk of clinical malaria. These findings indicate that PME categories have different effects on the levels of maternal-derived antibodies to malaria antigens in children at birth, and this might drive heterogeneity to clinical malaria susceptibility in early childhood.},

keywords = {Antibodies, Antigens, Burkina Faso / epidemiology, Carlota Doba\~{n}o, Child, Cohort Studies, doi:10.1128/iai.00268-23, Falciparum*, Female, Gemma Moncunill, Hamtandi Magloire Natama, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Infant, Malaria, Malaria* / epidemiology, Maternal Exposure, MEDLINE, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, NCBI, Newborn, NIH, NLM, placenta, Plasmodium falciparum, PMC10580994, pmid:37754682, Pregnancy, Preschool, Protozoan, PubMed Abstract},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Age-modified factors associated with placental malaria in rural Burkina Faso.},

author = {Bi\'{e}bo Bihoun and Serge Henri Zango and Maminata Traor\'{e}-Coulibaly and Innocent Valea and Raffaella Ravinetto and Jean Pierre Van Geertruyden and Umberto D'Alessandro and Halidou Tinto and Annie Robert},

doi = {10.1186/s12884-022-04568-4},

issn = {1471-2393},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-01},

urldate = {2022-03-01},

journal = {BMC pregnancy and childbirth},

volume = {22},

issue = {1},

pages = {248},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria in pregnancy can result in placental infection with fetal implications. This study aimed at assessing placental malaria (PM) prevalence and its associated factors in a cohort of pregnant women with peripheral malaria and their offspring. METHOD: The data were collected in the framework of a clinical trial on treatments for malaria in pregnant women . Placental malaria (PM) was diagnosed by histopathological detection of parasites and/or malaria pigment on placenta biopsies taken at delivery. Factors associated with PM were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Out of 745 biopsies examined, PM was diagnosed in 86.8 % of women. Acute, chronic and past PM were retrieved in 11 (1.5 %), 170 (22.8 %), and 466 (62.6 %) women, respectively. A modifying effect was observed in the association of gravidity or anemia at the study start with pooled PM (presence of parasites and/or malaria pigment). In women under 30, gravidity ≤ 2 was associated with an increased prevalence of pooled PM but in women aged 30 years or more, gravidity was no more associated with pooled PM (OR 6.81, 95 % CI 3.18 - 14.60; and OR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.10 - 2.76, respectively). Anemia was associated with pooled PM in women under 30 (OR 1.96, 95 % CI 1.03 - 3.72) but not in women aged 30 years or more (OR 0.68, 95 % CI 0.31 - 1.49). Similarly, the association of gravidity with past-chronic PM depended also on age. A higher prevalence of active PM was observed in women under 30 presenting with symptomatic malaria (OR 3.79, 95 % CI 1.55 - 9.27), while there was no significant increase in the prevalence of active PM (presence of parasites only) in women with symptomatic malaria when aged 30 years or more (OR 0.42, 95 % CI 0.10 - 1.75). In women with chronic PM, the prevalence of low birth weight or prematurity was the highest (31.2 %) as compared with past PM or no PM. CONCLUSION: Despite the rapid diagnosis and efficacious treatment of peripheral infection, the prevalence of placental malaria remained high in women with P. falciparum peripheral infection in Nanoro, especially in younger women This underlines the importance of preventive measures in this specific group.},

keywords = {*Malaria, *Malaria/epidemiology, Adult, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Falciparum/parasitology, Female, Gravidity, Humans, Malaria, placenta, Placenta/parasitology, Pregnancy, Risk Factors},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sondo2022,

title = {Boosting the impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) through simultaneous screening and treatment of household members of children receiving SMC in Burkina Faso: a protocol for a randomized open label trial},

author = {Paul Sondo and Marc Christian Tahita and Hamidou Ilboudo and Toussaint Rouamba and Karim Derra and Gauthier Tougri and Florence Ou\'{e}draogo and B\'{e}atrice Marie Ad\'{e}la\"{i}de Konseibo and Eli Roamba and Sabina Dahlstr\"{o}m Otienoburu and B\'{e}renger Kabor\'{e} and Kalynn Kennon and Kadija Ou\'{e}draogo and Wend-Timbe-Noma Arlette Ra\"{i}ssa Zongo and Fadima Yaya Bocoum and Kasia Stepniewska and Mehul Dhorda and Philippe J. Gu\'{e}rin and Halidou Tinto},

url = {https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-022-00800-x},

doi = {10.1186/s13690-022-00800-x},

issn = {2049-3258},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Archives of Public Health},

volume = {80},

issue = {1},

pages = {41},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major public health concern in sub-Sahara Africa. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with amodiaquine + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is one of the most important preventive interventions. Despite its implementation, the burden of malaria is still very high in children under five years old in Burkina Faso, suggesting that the expected impact of this promising strategy might not be attained. Development of innovative strategies to improve the efficacy of these existing malaria control measures is essential. In such context, we postulate that screening and treatment of malaria in household members of children receiving SMC could greatly improve the impact of SMC intervention and reduce malaria transmission in endemic settings. METHODS This randomized superiority trial will be carried out in the Nanoro health district, Burkina Faso. The unit of randomisation will be the household and all eligible children from a household will be allocated to the same study group. Households with 3-59 months old children will be assigned to either (i) control group (SMC alone) or (ii) intervention (SMC+ screening of household members with standard Histidin Rich Protein Rapid Diagnostic Test (HRP2-RDT) and treatment if positive). The sample size will be 526 isolated households per arm, i.e., around 1052 children under SMC coverage and an expected 1315 household members. Included children will be followed-up for 24 months to fully cover two consecutive malaria transmission seasons and two SMC cycles. Children will be actively followed-up during the malaria transmission seasons while in the dry seasons the follow-up will be passive. CONCLUSION The study will respond to a major public health concern by providing evidence of the efficacy of an innovative strategy to boost the impact of SMC intervention.},

keywords = {Africa, Amodiaquine, Burkina Faso, Chemoprevention, Dihydro artemisinin Piperaquine, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bonko2022,

title = {Diagnostic Performance of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein-2 Antigen-Specific Rapid Diagnostic Test in Children at the Peripheral Health Care Level in Nanoro (Burkina Faso)},

author = {Massa Achille Bonko and Marc Christian Tahita and Francois Kiemde and Palpouguini Lompo and Petra F. Mens and Halidou Tinto and Henk. D. F. H. Schallig},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/12/440},

doi = {10.3390/tropicalmed7120440},

issn = {2414-6366},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease},

volume = {7},

issue = {12},

pages = {440},

abstract = {\<p\>(1) Background: Malaria control has strongly benefited from the implementation of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). The malaria RDTs used in Burkina Faso, as per the recommendation of the National Malaria Control Program, are based on the detection of histidine-rich protein-2 (PfHRP2) specific to Plasmodium falciparum, which is the principal plasmodial species causing malaria in Burkina Faso. However, there is increasing concern about the diagnostic performance of these RDTs in field situations, and so constant monitoring of their accuracy is warranted. (2) Methods: A prospective study was performed in the health district of Nanoro, where 391 febrile children under 5 years with an axillary temperature ≥37.5 °C presenting at participating health facilities were subjected to testing for malaria. The HRP2-based RDT and expert microscopy were used to determine the diagnostic performance of the former. Retrospectively, the correctness of the antimalaria prescriptions was reviewed. (3) Results: Taking expert malaria microscopy as the gold standard, the sensitivity of the employed RDT was 98.5% and the specificity 40.5%, with a moderate agreement between the RDT testing and microscopy. In total, 21.7% of cases received an inappropriate antimalarial treatment based on a retrospective assessment with expert microscopy results. (4) Conclusion: Malaria remains one of the principal causes of febrile illness in Burkina Faso. Testing with HRP2-based RDTs is inaccurate, in particular, due to the low specificity, which results in an over-prescription of antimalarials, with emerging antimalarial drug resistance as an important risk and many children not being treated for potential other causes of fever.\</p\>},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, diagnostics, febrile diseases, Malaria},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Starck2022,

title = {The effect of malaria on childhood anemia in a quasi-experimental study of 7,384 twins from 23 Sub-Saharan African countries},

author = {Tim Starck and Peter Dambach and Toussaint Rouamba and Halidou Tinto and Faith Osier and Catherine E. Oldenburg and Maya Adam and Till B\"{a}rnighausen and Thomas Jaenisch and Caroline A. Bulstra},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009865/full},

doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009865},

issn = {2296-2565},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Public Health},

volume = {10},

pages = {1009865},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Young children in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly those from resource-limited settings, are heavily burdened by anemia and malaria. While malaria infected children frequently become anemic (hemoglobin \< 110 g/L), anemia is a strongly multifactorial disease with many other risk factors than malaria. Due to the complex and often overlapping contributors to anemia, it remains challenging to isolate the true impact of malaria on population level hemoglobin concentrations. METHODS We quantified the malaria-induced effect on hemoglobin levels in children under 5 years of age, leveraging data from 7,384 twins and other multiples, aged 6 to 59 months, from 57 nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) from 23 SSA countries from 2006 to 2019. The quasi-experimental twin fixed-effect design let us minimize the impact of potential confounders that do not vary between twins. RESULTS Our analyses of twins revealed a malaria-induced hemoglobin decrease in infected twins of 9 g/L (95% CI -10; -7, p\<0.001). The relative risk of severe anemia was higher (RR = 3.01, 95% CI 1.79; 5.1, p\<0.001) among malaria positive children, compared to malaria negative children. Conversely, malaria positive children are only half as likely to be non-anemic (RR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.43; 0.61, p\<0.001). CONCLUSION Even after rigorous control for confounding through a twin fixed-effects study design, malaria substantially decreased hemoglobin levels among SSA twins, rendering them much more susceptible to severe anemia. This effect reflects the population-level effect of malaria on anemia.},

keywords = {anemia-etiology, DHS, fixed-effect, hemoglobin, Malaria, multiples, Sub-Sahara Africa, twins},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Maketa2022,

title = {Comparison of intermittent screening (using ultra-sensitive malaria rapid diagnostic test) and treatment (using a newly registered antimalarial pyronaridine-artesunate\textemdashPYRAMAX®) to standard intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the prevention of malaria in pregnant women living in endemic areas: ULTRAPYRAPREG},

author = {Vivi Maketa and Japhet Kabalu and Melissa Kabena and Flory Luzolo and Hypolite Muhindo-Mavoko and Henk D. F. H. Schallig and Kassoum Kayentao and Petra F. Mens and Pascal Lutumba and Halidou Tinto},

url = {https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-022-06884-8},

doi = {10.1186/s13063-022-06884-8},

issn = {1745-6215},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Trials},

volume = {23},

issue = {1},

pages = {963},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is an important malaria control strategy in sub-Saharan Africa. Indeed, it overcomes the risk of misdiagnosis due to low peripheral parasitemia during pregnancy by treating women with SP on predetermined schedules. However, over time, the spread of Plasmodium-resistant strains has threatened this strategy in many countries. As an alternative, the intermittent screening and treatment for pregnancy (ISTp) aims at a monthly screening of pregnant women, preferably by using very sensitive tests such as ultrasensitive rapid diagnostic tests (us-RDTs) and the treatment of positive cases with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) regardless of the presence of symptoms. Unlike IPTp-SP, ISTp prevents overuse of antimalarials limiting the drug pressure on parasites, an advantage which can be potentiated by using an ACT like pyronaridine-artesunate (Pyramax®) that is not yet used in pregnant women in the field. METHODS This study aims to compare the non-inferiority of ISTp using us-RDTs and Pyramax® versus IPTp-SP on malaria in pregnancy through a randomized clinical trial performed in Kisenso, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a malaria perennial transmission area. DISCUSSION The results will be essential for the National Malaria Control Program to update the malaria prevention policy in pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04783051.},

keywords = {IPTp-SP, ISTp, Malaria, Malaria indicators, Pregnancy, Ultra-sensitive RDTs},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cairns2022,

title = {The duration of protection against clinical malaria provided by the combination of seasonal RTS,S/AS01E vaccination and seasonal malaria chemoprevention versus either intervention given alone},

author = {Matthew Cairns and Amadou Barry and Issaka Zongo and Issaka Sagara and Serge R. Yerbanga and Modibo Diarra and Charles Zoungrana and Djibrilla Issiaka and Abdoul Aziz Sienou and Amadou Tapily and Koualy Sanogo and Mahamadou Kaya and Seydou Traore and Kalifa Diarra and Hama Yalcouye and Youssoufa Sidibe and Alassane Haro and Ismaila Thera and Paul Snell and Jane Grant and Halidou Tinto and Paul Milligan and Daniel Chandramohan and Brian Greenwood and Alassane Dicko and Jean Bosco Ouedraogo},

url = {https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-022-02536-5},

doi = {10.1186/s12916-022-02536-5},

issn = {1741-7015},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {BMC Medicine},

volume = {20},

issue = {1},

pages = {352},

abstract = {BACKGROUND A recent trial of 5920 children in Burkina Faso and Mali showed that the combination of seasonal vaccination with the RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine (primary series and two seasonal boosters) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (four monthly cycles per year) was markedly more effective than either intervention given alone in preventing clinical malaria, severe malaria, and deaths from malaria. METHODS In order to help optimise the timing of these two interventions, trial data were reanalysed to estimate the duration of protection against clinical malaria provided by RTS,S/AS01E when deployed seasonally, by comparing the group who received the combination of SMC and RTS,S/AS01E with the group who received SMC alone. The duration of protection from SMC was also estimated comparing the combined intervention group with the group who received RTS,S/AS01E alone. Three methods were used: Piecewise Cox regression, Flexible parametric survival models and Smoothed Schoenfeld residuals from Cox models, stratifying on the study area and using robust standard errors to control for within-child clustering of multiple episodes. RESULTS The overall protective efficacy from RTS,S/AS01E over 6 months was at least 60% following the primary series and the two seasonal booster doses and remained at a high level over the full malaria transmission season. Beyond 6 months, protective efficacy appeared to wane more rapidly, but the uncertainty around the estimates increases due to the lower number of cases during this period (coinciding with the onset of the dry season). Protection from SMC exceeded 90% in the first 2-3 weeks post-administration after several cycles, but was not 100%, even immediately post-administration. Efficacy begins to decline from approximately day 21 and then declines more sharply after day 28, indicating the importance of preserving the delivery interval for SMC cycles at a maximum of four weeks. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of both interventions was highest immediately post-administration. Understanding differences between these interventions in their peak efficacy and how rapidly efficacy declines over time will help to optimise the scheduling of SMC, malaria vaccination and the combination in areas of seasonal transmission with differing epidemiology, and using different vaccine delivery systems. TRIAL REGISTRATION The RTS,S-SMC trial in which these data were collected was registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03143218.},

keywords = {Malaria, Malaria vaccination, Plasmodium falciparum, RTS, S/AS01E, seasonal malaria chemoprevention},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Duval2022,

title = {Household costs associated with seeking malaria treatment during pregnancy: evidence from Burkina Faso and The Gambia},

author = {Laetitia Duval and Elisa Sicuri and Susana Scott and Maminata Traor\'{e} and Bunja Daabo and Halidou Tinto and Koen Peeters Grietens and Umberto d’Alessando and Henk Schallig and Petra Mens and Lesong Conteh},

url = {https://resource-allocation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12962-022-00376-x},

doi = {10.1186/s12962-022-00376-x},

issn = {1478-7547},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation},

volume = {20},

issue = {1},

pages = {42},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Malaria in pregnancy remains a major health threat in sub-Saharan Africa to both expectant mothers and their unborn children. To date, there have been very few studies focused on the out of pocket costs associated with seeking treatment for malaria during pregnancy. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in Burkina Faso and The Gambia to estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with outpatient consultations (OP) and inpatient admissions (IP). Direct costs were broken down into medical (admission fees, drug charges, and laboratory fees), and non-medical (transportation and food). Indirect costs reflected time lost due to illness. In total, 220 pregnant women in Burkina Faso and 263 in The Gambia were interviewed about their treatment seeking decisions, expenditure, time use and financial support associated with each malaria episode. RESULTS In Burkina Faso 6.7% sought treatment elsewhere before their OP visits, and 27.1% before their IP visits. This compares to 1.3% for OP and 25.92% for IP in The Gambia. Once at the facility, the average direct costs (out of pocket) were 3.91US$ for an OP visit and 15.38US$ of an IP visit in Burkina Faso, and 0.80US$ for an OP visit and 9.19US$ for an IP visit in The Gambia. Inpatient direct costs were driven by drug costs (9.27US$) and transportation costs (2.72US$) in Burkina Faso and drug costs (3.44 US$) and food costs (3.44 US$) in The Gambia. Indirect costs of IP visits, valued as the opportunity cost of time lost due to the illness, were estimated at 11.85US$ in Burkina Faso and 4.07US$ in The Gambia. The difference across the two countries was mainly due to the longer time of hospitalization in Burkina Faso compared to The Gambia. In The Gambia, the vast majority of pregnant women reported receiving financial support from family members living abroad, most commonly siblings (65%). CONCLUSIONS High malaria treatment costs are incurred by pregnant women in Burkina Faso and The Gambia. Beyond the medical costs of fees and drugs, costs in terms of transport, food and time are significant drivers. The role of remittances, particularly their effect on accessing health care, needs further investigation.},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, Cost, Gambia, Malaria, Pregnancy, Remittances, sub-Saharan Africa},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lingani2022,

title = {Prevalence and risk factors of malaria among first antenatal care attendees in rural Burkina Faso},

author = {Moussa Lingani and Serge H. Zango and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Ma\"{i}mouna Sanou and Serge Ouoba and S\'{e}kou Samadoulougou and Annie Robert and Halidou Tinto and Mich\`{e}le Dramaix and Philippe Donnen},

url = {https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-022-00442-3},

doi = {10.1186/s41182-022-00442-3},

issn = {1349-4147},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Tropical Medicine and Health},

volume = {50},

issue = {1},

pages = {49},

abstract = {BACKGROUND The WHO recommends continuous surveillance of malaria in endemic countries to identify areas and populations most in need for targeted interventions. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malaria and its associated factors among first antenatal care (ANC) attendees in rural Burkina Faso. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted between August 2019 and September 2020 at the Yako health district and included 1067 first ANC attendees. Sociodemographic, gyneco-obstetric, and medical characteristics were collected. Malaria was diagnosed by standard microscopy and hemoglobin level was measured by spectrophotometry. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with malaria infection. RESULTS Overall malaria infection prevalence was 16.1% (167/1039). Among malaria-positive women, the geometric mean parasite density was 1204 [95% confidence interval (CI) 934-1552] parasites/µL and the proportion of very low (1-199 parasites/µL), low (200-999 parasites/µL), medium (1000-9999 parasites/µL) and high (≥ 10,000 parasites/µL) parasite densities were 15.0%, 35.3%, 38.3% and 11.4%, respectively. Age \< 20 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.2; 95% CI 1.4-3.5), anemia (hemoglobin \< 11 g/deciliter) (aOR: 3.4; 95% CI 2.2-5.5), the non-use of bed net (aOR: 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-2.8), and the absence of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (aOR: 5.8; 95% CI 2.1-24.5) were positively associated with malaria infection. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that one out of six pregnant women had a microscopy-detected P. falciparum malaria infection at their first ANC visit. Strengthening malaria prevention strategies during the first ANC visit is needed to prevent unfavorable birth outcomes.},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, First antenatal care visit, Malaria, Pregnancy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lingani2021-is,

title = {Malaria and curable sexually transmitted and reproductive tract  coinfection among pregnant women in rural Burkina Faso},

author = {Moussa Lingani and Serge H Zango and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Massa Dit A Bonko and S\'{e}kou O Samadoulougou and Toussaint Rouamba and Marc C Tahita and Ma"imouna Sanou and Annie Robert and Halidou Tinto and Philippe Donnen and Mich`ele Dramaix},

doi = {10.1186/s41182-021-00381-5},

issn = {1348-8945 1349-4147},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-01},

urldate = {2021-11-01},

journal = {Trop. Med. Health},

volume = {49},

number = {1},

pages = {90},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria and sexually transmitted/reproductive tract 

 infections (STI/RTI) are leading and preventable causes of low 

 birthweight in sub-Saharan Africa. Reducing their impact on 

 pregnancy outcomes requires efficient interventions that can be 

 easily integrated into the antenatal care package. The paucity 

 of data on malaria and STI/RTI coinfection, however, limits 

 efforts to control these infections. This study aimed to 

 determine the prevalence and associated factors of malaria and 

 STI/RTI coinfection among pregnant women in rural Burkina Faso. 

 METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 402 

 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at the Yako health 

 district. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were collected, 

 and pregnant women were tested for peripheral malaria by 

 microscopy. Hemoglobin levels were also measured by 

 spectrophotometry and curable bacterial STI/RTI were tested on 

 cervico-vaginal swabs using rapid diagnostic test for chlamydia 

 and syphilis, and Gram staining for bacterial vaginosis. A 

 multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the 

 association of malaria and STI/RTI coinfection with the 

 characteristics of included pregnant women. RESULTS: The 

 prevalence of malaria and at least one STI/RTI coinfection was 

 12.9% (95% confidence interval, CI: [9.8-16.7]), malaria and 

 bacterial vaginosis coinfection was 12.2% (95% CI: 

 [9.3-15.9]), malaria and chlamydial coinfection was 1.6% (95% 

 CI: [0.6-3.8]). No coinfection was reported for malaria and 

 syphilis. The individual prevalence was 17.2%, 7.2%, 0.6%, 

 67.7% and 73.3%, respectively, for malaria infection, 

 chlamydia, syphilis, bacterial vaginosis and STI/RTI 

 combination. Only 10% of coinfections were symptomatic, and 

 thus, 90% of women with coinfection would have been missed by 

 the symptoms-based diagnostic approach. In the multivariate analysis, the first pregnancy (aOR = 2.4 [95% CI: 1.2-4.7]) was 

 the only factor significantly associated with malaria and 

 STI/RTI coinfection. Clinical symptoms were not associated with 

 malaria and STI/RTI coinfection. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of 

 malaria and curable STI/RTI coinfection was high among pregnant 

 women. The poor performance of the clinical symptoms to predict 

 coinfection suggests that alternative interventions are needed.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34736524 

PMCID: PMC8567650},

keywords = {Bacterial vaginosis, Burkina Faso, Chlamydia, Coinfection, Malaria, Pregnancy, Syphilis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zango2021-ti,

title = {Association of malaria and curable sexually transmitted  infections with pregnancy outcomes in rural Burkina Faso},

author = {Serge Henri Zango and Moussa Lingani and Innocent Valea and Ouindpanga Sekou Samadoulougou and Biebo Bihoun and Diagniagou Lankoande and Phillipe Donnen and Michele Dramaix and Halidou Tinto and Annie Robert},

doi = {10.1186/s12884-021-04205-6},

issn = {1471-2393},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-27},

urldate = {2021-10-27},

journal = {BMC Pregnancy Childbirth},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {722},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria and curable sexually transmitted infections 

 (STIs) are severe infections associated with poor pregnancy 

 outcomes in sub-Saharan countries. These infections are 

 responsible for low birth weight, preterm birth, and 

 miscarriage. In Burkina Faso, many interventions recommended by 

 the World Health Organization were implemented to control the 

 impact of these infections. After decades of intervention, we 

 assessed the impact of these infections on pregnancy outcomes in 

 rural setting of Burkina Faso. METHODS: Antenatal care and 

 delivery data of pregnant women attending health facilities in 

 2016 and 2017 were collected in two rural districts namely 

 Nanoro and Yako, in Burkina Faso. Regression models with 

 likelihood ratio test were used to assess the association 

 between infections and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: During the 

 two years, 31639 pregnant women received antenatal care. Malaria 

 without STI, STI without malaria, and their coinfections were 

 reported for 7359 (23.3%), 881 (2.8 %), and 388 (1.2%) women, 

 respectively. Low birth weight, miscarriage, and stillbirth were 

 observed in 2754 (10.5 %), 547 (2.0 %), and 373 (1.3 %) 

 women, respectively. Our data did not show an association 

 between low birth weight and malaria [Adjusted OR: 0.91 (0.78 - 

 1.07)], STIs [Adjusted OR: 0.74 (0.51 - 1.07)] and coinfection 

 [Adjusted OR: 1.15 (0.75 - 1.78)]. Low birth weight was strongly 

 associated with primigravidae [Adjusted OR: 3.53 (3.12 - 4.00)]. 

 Both miscarriage and stillbirth were associated with malaria 

 [Adjusted OR: 1.31 (1.07 - 1.59)], curable STI [Adjusted OR: 

 1.65 (1.06 - 2.59)], and coinfection [Adjusted OR: 2.00 (1.13 - 

 3.52)]. CONCLUSION: Poor pregnancy outcomes remained frequent in 

 rural Burkina Faso. Malaria, curable STIs, and their 

 coinfections were associated with both miscarriage and 

 stillbirth in rural Burkina. More effort should be done to 

 reduce the proportion of pregnancies lost associated with these 

 curable infections by targeting interventions in primigravidae 

 women.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34706705 

PMCID: PMC8549350},

keywords = {Coinfection, Impact, Malaria, Outcome, Pregnancy, STI},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Starck2021-mb,

title = {The effect of malaria on haemoglobin concentrations: a  nationally representative household fixed-effects study of  17,599 children under 5 years of age in Burkina Faso},

author = {Tim Starck and Caroline A Bulstra and Halidou Tinto and Toussaint Rouamba and Ali Sie and Thomas Jaenisch and Till B\"{a}rnighausen},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03948-z},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-23},

urldate = {2021-10-23},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {416},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although the association between malaria and anaemia 

 is widely studied in patient cohorts, the 

 population-representative causal effects of malaria on anaemia 

 remain unknown. This study estimated the malaria-induced 

 decrease in haemoglobin levels among young children in 

 malaria-endemic Burkina Faso. METHODS: The study was based on 

 pooled individual-level nationally representative health survey 

 data (2010-2011, 2014, 2017-2018) from 17 599 children under 5 

 years of age. This data was used to estimate the effects of 

 malaria on haemoglobin concentration, controlling for household 

 fixed-effects, age, and sex in a series of regression analyses. 

 The fixed-effects controlled for observed and unobserved 

 confounding on the household level and allowed to determine the 

 impact of malaria infection status on haemoglobin levels and 

 anaemia prevalence. Furthermore, the diagnostic results from 

 microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests were leveraged to provide 

 a quasi-longitudinal perspective of acute and prolonged effects 

 after malaria infection. RESULTS: The prevalence of both malaria 

 (survey prevalence ranging from 17.4% to 65.2%) and anaemia 

 (survey prevalence ranging from 74% to 88.2%) was very high in 

 the included surveys. Malaria was estimated to significantly 

 reduce haemoglobin levels, with an overall effect of - 7.5 g/dL 

 (95% CI - 8.5, - 6.5). Acute malaria resulted in a - 7.7 g/dL 

 (95% CI - 8.8, - 6.6) decrease in haemoglobin levels. Recent 

 malaria without current parasitaemia decreased haemoglobin 

 concentration by - 7.1 g/dL (95% CI - 8.3, - 5.9). The 

 in-sample predicted prevalence of severe anaemia was 9.4% among 

 malaria positives, but only 2.2% among children without 

 malaria. CONCLUSION: Malaria infection has a strong detrimental 

 effect on haemoglobin levels among young children in Burkina 

 Faso. This effect seems to carry over even after acute 

 infection, indicating prolonged haemoglobin reductions even 

 after successful parasite-elimination. The quasi-experimental 

 fixed-effect approach adds a population level perspective to 

 existing clinical evidence.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34688294 

PMCID: PMC8542337},

keywords = {Anaemia, Burkina Faso, Haemoglobin, Household fixed-effects, Malaria, Microscopy, Rapid diagnostic tests},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chandramohan2021-qm,

title = {Seasonal malaria vaccination with or without seasonal malaria  chemoprevention},

author = {Daniel Chandramohan and Issaka Zongo and Issaka Sagara and Matthew Cairns and Rakiswend\'{e}-Serge Yerbanga and Modibo Diarra and Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric Niki`ema and Amadou Tapily and Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric Sompougdou and Djibrilla Issiaka and Charles Zoungrana and Koualy Sanogo and Alassane Haro and Mahamadou Kaya and Abdoul-Aziz Sienou and Seydou Traore and Almahamoudou Mahamar and Ismaila Thera and Kalifa Diarra and Amagana Dolo and Irene Kuepfer and Paul Snell and Paul Milligan and Christian Ockenhouse and Opokua Ofori-Anyinam and Halidou Tinto and Abdoulaye Djimde and Jean-Bosco Ou\'{e}draogo and Alassane Dicko and Brian Greenwood},

doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa2026330},

issn = {1533-4406 0028-4793},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-09},

urldate = {2021-09-09},

journal = {N. Engl. J. Med.},

volume = {385},

number = {11},

pages = {1005--1017},

publisher = {Massachusetts Medical Society},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria control remains a challenge in many parts of 

 the Sahel and sub-Sahel regions of Africa. METHODS: We conducted 

 an individually randomized, controlled trial to assess whether 

 seasonal vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E was noninferior to 

 chemoprevention in preventing uncomplicated malaria and whether 

 the two interventions combined were superior to either one alone 

 in preventing uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria-related 

 outcomes. RESULTS: We randomly assigned 6861 children 5 to 17 

 months of age to receive sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and 

 amodiaquine (2287 children [chemoprevention-alone group]), 

 RTS,S/AS01E (2288 children [vaccine-alone group]), or 

 chemoprevention and RTS,S/AS01E (2286 children [combination 

 group]). Of these, 1965, 1988, and 1967 children in the three 

 groups, respectively, received the first dose of the assigned 

 intervention and were followed for 3 years. Febrile seizure 

 developed in 5 children the day after receipt of the vaccine, 

 but the children recovered and had no sequelae. There were 305 

 events of uncomplicated clinical malaria per 1000 person-years 

 at risk in the chemoprevention-alone group, 278 events per 1000 

 person-years in the vaccine-alone group, and 113 events per 1000 

 person-years in the combination group. The hazard ratio for the 

 protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E as compared with 

 chemoprevention was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 

 1.01), which excluded the prespecified noninferiority margin of 

 1.20. The protective efficacy of the combination as compared 

 with chemoprevention alone was 62.8% (95% CI, 58.4 to 66.8) 

 against clinical malaria, 70.5% (95% CI, 41.9 to 85.0) against 

 hospital admission with severe malaria according to the World 

 Health Organization definition, and 72.9% (95% CI, 2.9 to 

 92.4) against death from malaria. The protective efficacy of the 

 combination as compared with the vaccine alone against these 

 outcomes was 59.6% (95% CI, 54.7 to 64.0), 70.6% (95% CI, 

 42.3 to 85.0), and 75.3% (95% CI, 12.5 to 93.0), respectively. 

 CONCLUSIONS: Administration of RTS,S/AS01E was noninferior to 

 chemoprevention in preventing uncomplicated malaria. The 

 combination of these interventions resulted in a substantially 

 lower incidence of uncomplicated malaria, severe malaria, and 

 death from malaria than either intervention alone. (Funded by 

 the Joint Global Health Trials and PATH; ClinicalTrials.gov 

 number, NCT03143218.).},

note = {Copyright © 2021 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Place: United States

PMID: 34432975},

keywords = {Amodiaquine/therapeutic use, Antimalarials/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Chemoprevention, Combination, Combined Modality Therapy, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Drug Therapy, Falciparum/epidemiology/mortality/prevention \& control, Febrile/etiology, Female, Hospitalization/statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Malaria Vaccines/administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Male, Mali/epidemiology, Pyrimethamine/therapeutic use, Seasons, Seizures, Sulfadoxine/therapeutic use},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Roberts2021-gg,

title = {Seasonal patterns of malaria, genital infection, nutritional and  iron status in non-pregnant and pregnant adolescents in Burkina  Faso: a secondary analysis of trial data},

author = {Stephen A Roberts and Loretta Brabin and Halidou Tinto and Sabine Gies and Salou Diallo and Bernard Brabin},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11819-0},

issn = {1471-2458},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-01},

urldate = {2021-09-01},

journal = {BMC Public Health},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {1764},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adolescents are considered at high risk of developing iron deficiency. Studies in children indicate that the prevalence of iron deficiency increased with  malaria transmission, suggesting malaria seasonally may drive iron deficiency. This  paper examines monthly seasonal infection patterns of malaria, abnormal vaginal  flora, chorioamnionitis, antibiotic and antimalarial prescriptions, in relation to  changes in iron biomarkers and nutritional indices in adolescents living in a rural  area of Burkina Faso, in order to assess the requirement for seasonal infection  control and nutrition interventions. METHODS: Data collected between April 2011 and  January 2014 were available for an observational seasonal analysis, comprising  scheduled visits for 1949 non-pregnant adolescents (≤19 years), (315 of whom  subsequently became pregnant), enrolled in a randomised trial of periconceptional  iron supplementation. Data from trial arms were combined. Body Iron Stores (BIS)  were calculated using an internal regression for ferritin to allow for inflammation.  At recruitment 11% had low BIS (\< 0 mg/kg). Continuous outcomes were fitted to a  mixed-effects linear model with month, age and pregnancy status as fixed effect  covariates and woman as a random effect. Dichotomous infection outcomes were fitted  with analogous logistic regression models. RESULTS: Seasonal variation in malaria  parasitaemia prevalence ranged between 18 and 70% in non-pregnant adolescents  (P \< 0.001), peaking at 81% in those who became pregnant. Seasonal variation  occurred in antibiotic prescription rates (0.7-1.8 prescriptions/100 weekly visits,  P \< 0.001) and chorioamnionitis prevalence (range 15-68%, P = 0.026). Mucosal  vaginal lactoferrin concentration was lower at the end of the wet season (range  2-22 μg/ml, P \< 0.016), when chorioamnionitis was least frequent. BIS fluctuated  annually by up to 53.2% per year around the mean BIS (5.1 mg/kg(2), range  4.1-6.8 mg/kg), with low BIS (\< 0 mg/kg) of 8.7% in the dry and 9.8% in the wet  seasons (P = 0.36). Median serum transferrin receptor increased during the wet  season (P \< 0.001). Higher hepcidin concentration in the wet season corresponded  with rising malaria prevalence and use of prescriptions, but with no change in BIS.  Mean Body Mass Index and Mid-Upper-Arm-Circumference values peaked mid-dry season  (both P \< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis supports preventive treatment of malaria  among adolescents 15-19 years to decrease their disease burden, especially  asymptomatic malaria. As BIS were adequate in most adolescents despite seasonal  malaria, a requirement for programmatic iron supplementation was not substantiated.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34579679 

PMCID: PMC8477466},

keywords = {Abnormal vaginal flora, Adolescents, Bacterial vaginosis, Body Mass Index, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Female, Humans, Iron, iron biomarkers, Malaria, Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology, MUAC, Pregnancy, Seasons, Vagina},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yameogo2021-bb,

title = {Effect of seasonal malaria chemoprevention plus azithromycin on  Plasmodium falciparum transmission: gametocyte infectivity and  mosquito fitness},

author = {Koudraogo Bienvenue Yam\'{e}ogo and Rakiswend\'{e} Serge Yerbanga and Seydou Bienvenu Ouattara and Franck A Yao and Thierry Lef`evre and Issaka Zongo and Frederic Niki`ema and Yves Daniel Compaor\'{e} and Halidou Tinto and Daniel Chandramohan and Brian Greenwood and Adrien M G Belem and Anna Cohuet and Jean Bosco Ou\'{e}draogo},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03855-3},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-27},

urldate = {2021-07-27},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {326},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) consists of administration of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) + amodiaquine (AQ) at monthly intervals to children  during the malaria transmission period. Whether the addition of azithromycin (AZ) to  SMC could potentiate the benefit of the intervention was tested through a  double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The effect of SMC and the  addition of AZ, on malaria transmission and on the life history traits of Anopheles  gambiae mosquitoes have been investigated. METHODS: The study included 438 children  randomly selected from among participants in the SMC + AZ trial and 198 children  from the same area who did not receive chemoprevention. For each participant in the  SMC + AZ trial, blood was collected 14 to 21 days post treatment, examined for the  presence of malaria sexual and asexual stages and provided as a blood meal to An.  gambiae females using a direct membrane-feeding assay. RESULTS: The SMC treatment,  with or without AZ, significantly reduced the prevalence of asexual Plasmodium  falciparum (LRT X(2)(2) = 69, P \< 0.0001) and the gametocyte prevalence (LRT  X(2)(2) = 54, P \< 0.0001). In addition, the proportion of infectious feeds (LRT  X(2)(2) = 61, P \< 0.0001) and the prevalence of oocysts among exposed mosquitoes  (LRT X(2)(2) = 22.8, P \< 0.001) was reduced when mosquitoes were fed on blood from  treated children compared to untreated controls. The addition of AZ to SPAQ was  associated with an increased proportion of infectious feeds (LRT X(2)(1) = 5.2,  P = 0.02), suggesting a significant effect of AZ on gametocyte infectivity. There  was a slight negative effect of SPAQ and SPAQ + AZ on mosquito survival compared to  mosquitoes fed with blood from control children (LRTX(2)(2) = 330, P \< 0.0001).  CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that SMC may contribute to a reduction in human  to mosquito transmission of P. falciparum, and the reduced mosquito longevity  observed for females fed on treated blood may increase the benefit of this  intervention in control of malaria. The addition of AZ to SPAQ in SMC appeared to  enhance the infectivity of gametocytes providing further evidence that this  combination is not an appropriate intervention.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34315475 

PMCID: PMC8314489},

keywords = {Amodiaquine/administration \& dosage, Animals, Antimalarials/administration \& dosage, Chemoprevention, Child, Culicidae/physiology, Drug Combinations, Falciparum/prevention \& control/transmission, Gametocytes, Genetic Fitness, Humans, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum/physiology, Preschool, Pyrimethamine/administration \& dosage, seasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons, Sulfadoxine/administration \& dosage, Transmission},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Noori2021-te,

title = {Patterns of child mortality in rural area of Burkina Faso:  evidence from the Nanoro health and demographic surveillance  system (HDSS)},

author = {Navideh Noori and Karim Derra and Innocent Valea and Assaf P Oron and Aminata Welgo and Toussaint Rouamba and Palwende Romuald Boua and Athanase M Som\'{e} and Eli Rouamba and Edward Wenger and Hermann Sorgho and Halidou Tinto and Andre Lin Ou\'{e}draogo},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11483-4},

issn = {1471-2458},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-19},

urldate = {2021-07-19},

journal = {BMC Public Health},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {1425},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Half of global child deaths occur in sub-Saharan 

 Africa. Understanding child mortality patterns and risk factors 

 will help inform interventions to reduce this heavy toll. The 

 Nanoro Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), 

 Burkina Faso was described previously, but patterns and 

 potential drivers of heterogeneity in child mortality in the 

 district had not been studied. Similar studies in other 

 districts indicated proximity to health facilities as a risk 

 factor, usually without distinction between facility types. 

 METHODS: Using Nanoro HDSS data from 2009 to 2013, we estimated 

 the association between under-5 mortality and proximity to 

 inpatient and outpatient health facilities, seasonality of 

 death, age group, and standard demographic risk factors. 

 RESULTS: Living in homes 40-60 min and \> 60 min travel time from 

 an inpatient facility was associated with 1.52 (95% CI: 

 1.13-2.06) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.27-2.40) greater hazard of 

 under-5 mortality, respectively, than living in homes \< 20 min 

 from an inpatient facility. No such association was found for 

 outpatient facilities. The wet season (July-November) was 

 associated with 1.28 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.53) higher under-5 

 mortality than the dry season (December-June), likely reflecting 

 the malaria season. CONCLUSIONS: Our results emphasize the 

 importance of geographical proximity to health care, distinguish 

 between inpatient and outpatient facilities, and also show a 

 seasonal effect, probably driven by malaria.},

note = {© 2021. The Author(s).

PMID: 34281547 

PMCID: PMC8287796},

keywords = {Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, child mortality, ChildHealth Facilities, Children under 5, Demographic surveillance, HDSS, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Nanoro, Spatial analysis, Travel},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{De_Wit2021-yi,

title = {Nutritional status in young children prior to the malaria  transmission season in Burkina Faso and Mali, and its impact on  the incidence of clinical malaria},

author = {Mariken Wit and Matthew Cairns and Yves Daniel Compaor\'{e} and Issaka Sagara and Irene Kuepfer and Issaka Zongo and Amadou Barry and Modibo Diarra and Amadou Tapily and Samba Coumare and Ismaila Thera and Frederic Nikiema and R Serge Yerbanga and Rosemonde M Guissou and Halidou Tinto and Alassane Dicko and Daniel Chandramohan and Brian Greenwood and Jean Bosco Ouedraogo},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03802-2},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-22},

urldate = {2021-06-22},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {274},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria and malnutrition remain major problems in 

 Sahel countries, especially in young children. The direct effect 

 of malnutrition on malaria remains poorly understood, and may 

 have important implications for malaria control. In this study, 

 nutritional status and the association between malnutrition and 

 subsequent incidence of symptomatic malaria were examined in 

 children in Burkina Faso and Mali who received either 

 azithromycin or placebo, alongside seasonal malaria 

 chemoprevention. METHODS: Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was 

 measured in all 20,185 children who attended a screening visit 

 prior to the malaria transmission season in 2015. Prior to the 

 2016 malaria season, weight, height and MUAC were measured among 

 4149 randomly selected children. Height-for-age, weight-for-age, 

 weight-for-height, and MUAC-for-age were calculated as 

 indicators of nutritional status. Malaria incidence was measured 

 during the following rainy seasons. Multivariable random effects 

 Poisson models were created for each nutritional indicator to 

 study the effect of malnutrition on clinical malaria incidence 

 for each country. RESULTS: In both 2015 and 2016, nutritional 

 status prior to the malaria season was poor. The most prevalent 

 form of malnutrition in Burkina Faso was being underweight 

 (30.5%; 95% CI 28.6-32.6), whereas in Mali stunting was most 

 prevalent (27.5%; 95% CI 25.6-29.5). In 2016, clinical malaria 

 incidence was 675 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 613-744) in 

 Burkina Faso, and 1245 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 1152-1347) 

 in Mali. There was some evidence that severe stunting was 

 associated with lower incidence of malaria in Mali (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.64-1.02; p = 0.08), but this association was not seen 

 in Burkina Faso. Being moderately underweight tended to be 

 associated with higher incidence of clinical malaria in Burkina Faso (RR 1.27; 95% CI 0.98-1.64; p = 0.07), while this was the 

 case in Mali for moderate wasting (RR 1.27; 95% CI 0.98-1.64; p = 0.07). However, these associations were not observed in 

 severely affected children, nor consistent between countries. 

 MUAC-for-age was not associated with malaria risk. CONCLUSIONS: 

 Both malnutrition and malaria were common in the study areas, 

 high despite high coverage of seasonal malaria chemoprevention 

 and long-lasting insecticidal nets. However, no strong or 

 consistent evidence was found for an association between any of 

 the nutritional indicators and the subsequent incidence of 

 clinical malaria.},

note = {PMID: 34158054 

PMCID: PMC8220741},

keywords = {Acute malnutrition, Antimalarials/administration \& dosage, Azithromycin/administration \& dosage, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Child, Chronic malnutrition, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Malaria, Malaria/epidemiology/transmission, Male, Nutritional Status, Preschool, seasonal malaria chemoprevention, Seasons},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sondo2021-qe,

title = {Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum parasites and mutations in the resistance genes Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 in Nanoro area, Burkina Faso.},

author = {Paul Sondo and Biebo Bihoun and B\'{e}renger Kabore and Marc Christian Tahita and Karim Derra and Toussaint Rouamba and Seydou Nakanabo Diallo and Adama Kazienga and Hamidou Ilboudo and Innocent Valea and Zekiba Tarnagda and Hermann Sorgho and Thierry Lefevre and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.2021.39.118.26959},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-10},

urldate = {2021-06-10},

journal = {Pan Afr. Med. J.},

volume = {39},

pages = {118},

publisher = {Pan African Medical Journal},

abstract = {Introduction: from a genetic point of view P. falciparumis 

 extremely polymorphic. There is a variety of parasite strains 

 infesting individuals living in malaria endemic areas. The 

 purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between 

 polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum parasites and Pfcrt and 

 Pfmdr1 gene mutations in Nanoro area, Burkina Faso. Methods: 

 blood samples from plasmodium carriers residing in the Nanoro 

 Health District were genotyped using nested PCR. Parasite gene 

 mutations associated with resistance to antimalarial drugs were 

 detected by PCR-RFLP. Results: samples of 672 patients were 

 successfully genotyped. No msp1and msp2allelic families 

 exhibited an increase in developing mutations in resistance 

 genes. However, mutant strains of these genes were present at 

 greater levels in monoclonal infections than in multi-clonal 

 infections. Conclusion: this study provides an overview of the 

 relationship between polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum 

 parasites and mutations in resistance genes. These data will 

 undoubtedly contribute to improving knowledge of the parasite´s 

 biology and its mechanisms of resistance to antimalarial drugs.},

note = {Copyright: Paul Sondo et al.

PMID: 34512854 

PMCID: PMC8396377},

keywords = {Antimalarials/pharmacology, Burkina Faso, Drug Resistance, Falciparum/drug therapy/parasitology, GeneticRestriction Fragment Length, Genotype, Humans, Malaria, Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics, msp1, msp2, Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics, Mutation, Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects/genetics/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Protozoan Proteins/genetics},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sondo2021-kc,

title = {Assessment of a combined strategy of seasonal malaria  chemoprevention and supplementation with vitamin A, zinc and  Plumpy'Doz™ to prevent malaria and malnutrition in children  under 5 years old in Burkina Faso: a randomized open-label trial  (SMC-NUT)},

author = {Paul Sondo and Marc Christian Tahita and Toussaint Rouamba and Karim Derra and B\'{e}renger Kabor\'{e} and Cheick Sa"id Compaor\'{e} and Florence Ou\'{e}draogo and Eli Rouamba and Hamidou Ilboudo and Estelle A"issa Bambara and Macaire Nana and Edmond Yabr\'{e} Sawadogo and Hermann Sorgho and Athanase Mwinessobaonfou Som\'{e} and Innocent Val\'{e}a and Prabin Dahal and Maminata Traor\'{e}/Coulibaly and Halidou Tinto},

doi = {10.1186/s13063-021-05320-7},

issn = {1745-6215},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-24},

urldate = {2021-05-24},

journal = {Trials},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {360},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria and malnutrition represent major public 

 health concerns worldwide especially in Sub-Sahara Africa. 

 Despite implementation of seasonal malaria chemoprophylaxis 

 (SMC), an intervention aimed at reducing malaria incidence among 

 children aged 3-59 months, the burden of malaria and associated 

 mortality among children below age 5 years remains high in 

 Burkina Faso. Malnutrition, in particular micronutrient 

 deficiency, appears to be one of the potential factors that can 

 negatively affect the effectiveness of SMC. Treating 

 micronutrient deficiencies is known to reduce the incidence of 

 malaria in highly prevalent malaria zone such as rural settings. 

 Therefore, we hypothesized that a combined strategy of SMC 

 together with a daily oral nutrients supplement will enhance the 

 immune response and decrease the incidence of malaria and 

 malnutrition among children under SMC coverage. METHODS: 

 Children (6-59 months) under SMC coverage receiving vitamin A 

 supplementation will be randomly assigned to one of the three 

 study arms (a) SMC + vitamin A alone, (b) SMC + vitamin A + 

 zinc, or (c) SMC + vitamin A + Plumpy'Doz™ using 1:1:1 

 allocation ratio. After each SMC monthly distribution, children 

 will be visited at home to confirm drug administration and 

 followed-up for 1 year. Anthropometric indicators will be 

 recorded at each visit and blood samples will be collected for 

 microscopy slides, haemoglobin measurement, and spotted onto 

 filter paper for further PCR analyses. The primary outcome 

 measure is the incidence of malaria in each arm. Secondary 

 outcome measures will include mid-upper arm circumference and 

 weight gain from baseline measurements, coverage and compliance 

 to SMC, occurrence of adverse events (AEs), and prevalence of 

 molecular markers of antimalarial resistance comprising Pfcrt, 

 Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr, and Pfdhps. DISCUSSION: This study will 

 demonstrate an integrated strategy of malaria and malnutrition 

 programmes in order to mutualize resources for best impact. By 

 relying on existing strategies, the policy implementation of 

 this joint intervention will be scalable at country and regional 

 levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04238845 . 

 Registered on 23 January 2020 

 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04238845.},

note = {PMID: 34030705 

PMCID: PMC8142067},

keywords = {Antimalarials/adverse effects, Burkina Faso/epidemiology, Chemoprevention, Child, Child Nutrition Disorders, Dietary Supplements, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Malaria/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Malnutrition, Malnutrition/diagnosis/drug therapy/prevention \& control, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Plumpy’Doz™, Preschool, Randomized controlled trial, Seasonal chemoprevention, Seasons, Vitamin A, Vitamin A/adverse effects, Zinc},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Adoke2021-el,

title = {A randomized, double-blind, phase 2b study to investigate the  efficacy, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a  single-dose regimen of ferroquine with artefenomel in adults and  children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria},

author = {Yeka Adoke and Rella Zoleko-Manego and Serge Ouoba and Alfred B Tiono and Grace Kaguthi and Juv^encio Eduardo Bonzela and Tran Thanh Duong and Alain Nahum and Marielle Bouyou-Akotet and Bernhards Ogutu and Alphonse Ouedraogo and Fiona Macintyre and Andreas Jessel and Bart Laurijssens and Mohammed H Cherkaoui-Rbati and Cathy Cantalloube and Anne Claire Marrast and Rapha"el Bejuit and David White and Timothy N C Wells and Florian Wartha and Didier Leroy and Afizi Kibuuka and Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma and Daouda Ouattara and Ir`ene Mugenya and Bui Quang Phuc and Francis Bohissou and Denise P Mawili-Mboumba and Fredrick Olewe and Issiaka Soulama and Halidou Tinto and FALCI Study Group},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-021-03749-4},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-19},

urldate = {2021-05-19},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {222},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: For uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, 

 highly efficacious single-dose treatments are expected to 

 increase compliance and improve treatment outcomes, and thereby 

 may slow the development of resistance. The efficacy and safety 

 of a single-dose combination of artefenomel (800 mg) plus 

 ferroquine (400/600/900/1200 mg doses) for the treatment of 

 uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were evaluated in Africa 

 (focusing on children $\leq$ 5 years) and Asia. METHODS: The 

 study was a randomized, double-blind, single-dose, multi-arm 

 clinical trial in patients aged \> 6 months to 5 years and 20 

 Asian patients. None of the treatment arms met the target 

 efficacy criterion for PCR-adjusted ACPR at Day 28 (lower limit 

 of 95% confidence interval [CI] \> 90%). PCR-adjusted ACPR at 

 Day 28 [95% CI] in the PP Set ranged from 78.4% [64.7; 88.7%] 

 to 91.7% [81.6; 97.2%] for the 400 mg to 1200 mg ferroquine 

 dose. Efficacy rates were low in Vietnamese patients, ranging 

 from 20 to 40%. A clear relationship was found between drug 

 exposure (artefenomel and ferroquine concentrations at Day 7) 

 and efficacy (primary endpoint), with higher concentrations of 

 both drugs resulting in higher efficacy. Six distinct kelch-13 

 mutations were detected in parasite isolates from 10/272 African 

 patients (with 2 mutations known to be associated with 

 artemisinin resistance) and 18/20 Asian patients (all C580Y 

 mutation). Vomiting within 6 h of initial artefenomel 

 administration was common (24.6%) and associated with lower 

 drug exposures. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of 

 artefenomel/ferroquine combination was suboptimal in African 

 children aged $\leq$ 5 years, the population of interest, and 

 vomiting most likely had a negative impact on efficacy. Trial 

 registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02497612. Registered 14 Jul 

 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02497612?term=NCT02497612\&draw=2\&rank=1.},

note = {PMID: 34011358 

PMCID: PMC8135182},

keywords = {Adamantane/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aminoquinolines/administration \& dosage, Benin, Burkina Faso, C580Y, Child, Combination treatment, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Exposure\textendashresponse, Falciparum/prevention \& control, Female, Ferroquine, Ferrous Compounds/administration \& dosage, Gabon, Humans, Infant, Kelch-13 mutation, Kenya, Malaria, Male, Metallocenes/administration \& dosage, Middle Aged, Mozambique, Parasite clearance, Peroxides/administration \& dosage, Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects, Preschool, resistance, Uganda, Vietnam, Vomiting, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}