@article{Drakeley2017-nm,

title = {Longitudinal estimation of Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in  relation to malaria prevention measures in six sub-Saharan  African countries},

author = {Chris Drakeley and Salim Abdulla and Selidji Todagbe Agnandji and Jos\'{e} Francisco Fernandes and Peter Kremsner and Bertrand Lell and Ludovic Mewono and Bache Emmanuel Bache and Michael Gabriel Mihayo and Omar Juma and Marcel Tanner and Marc Christian Tahita and Halidou Tinto and Salou Diallo and Palpouguini Lompo and Umberto D'Alessandro and Bernhards Ogutu and Lucas Otieno and Solomon Otieno and Walter Otieno and Janet Oyieko and Kwaku Poku Asante and Dominic Bon-Ereme Dery and George Adjei and Elisha Adeniji and Dorcas Atibilla and Seth Owusu-Agyei and Brian Greenwood and Samwel Gesase and John Lusingu and Coline Mahende and Robert Mongi and Method Segeja and Samuel Adjei and Tsiri Agbenyega and Alex Agyekum and Daniel Ansong and John Tanko Bawa and Harry Owusu Boateng and L\'{e}onard Dandalo and Veronica Escamilla and Irving Hoffman and Peter Maenje and Francis Martinson and Terrell Carter and Didier Leboulleux and David C Kaslow and Effua Usuf and Jean-Yves Pirc con and Edith Roset Bahmanyar},

doi = {10.1186/s12936-017-2078-3},

issn = {1475-2875},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-10-01},

urldate = {2017-10-01},

journal = {Malar. J.},

volume = {16},

number = {1},

pages = {433},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum prevalence (PfPR) is a widely 

 used metric for assessing malaria transmission intensity. This 

 study was carried out concurrently with the RTS,S/AS01 candidate 

 malaria vaccine Phase III trial and estimated PfPR over $\leq$ 4 

 standardized cross-sectional surveys. METHODS: This epidemiology 

 study (NCT01190202) was conducted in 8 sites from 6 countries 

 (Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania), 

 between March 2011 and December 2013. Participants were enrolled 

 in a 2:1:1 ratio according to age category: 6 months-4 years, 

 5-19 years, and $geq$ 20 years, respectively, per year and per 

 centre. All sites carried out surveys 1-3 while survey 4 was 

 conducted only in 3 sites. Surveys were usually performed during 

 the peak malaria parasite transmission season, in one home visit, 

 when medical history and malaria risk factors/prevention measures 

 were collected, and a blood sample taken for rapid diagnostic 

 test, microscopy, and haemoglobin measurement. PfPR was estimated 

 by site and age category. RESULTS: Overall, 6401 (survey 1), 6411 

 (survey 2), 6400 (survey 3), and 2399 (survey 4) individuals were 

 included in the analyses. In the 6 months-4 years age group, the 

 lowest prevalence (assessed using microscopy) was observed in 2 

 Tanzanian centres (4.6% for Korogwe and 9.95% for Bagamoyo) and 

 Lambar\'{e}n\'{e}, Gabon (6.0%), while the highest PfPR was 

 recorded for Nanoro, Burkina Faso (52.5%). PfPR significantly 

 decreased over the 3 years in Agogo (Ghana), Kombewa (Kenya), 

 Lilongwe (Malawi), and Bagamoyo (Tanzania), and a trend for 

 increased PfPR was observed over the 4 surveys for Kintampo, 

 Ghana. Over the 4 surveys, for all sites, PfPR was predominantly 

 higher in the 5-19 years group than in the other age categories. 

 Occurrence of fever and anaemia was associated with high P. 

 falciparum parasitaemia. Univariate analyses showed a significant 

 association of anti-malarial treatment in 4 surveys (odds ratios 

 [ORs]: 0.52, 0.52, 0.68, 0.41) and bed net use in 2 surveys (ORs: 

 0.63, 0.68, 1.03, 1.78) with lower risk of malaria infection. 

 CONCLUSION: Local PfPR differed substantially between sites and 

 age groups. In children 6 months-4 years old, a significant 

 decrease in prevalence over the 3 years was observed in 4 out of 

 the 8 study sites. Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov 

 identifier: NCT01190202:NCT. GSK Study ID numbers: 114001.},

keywords = {Anaemia; Epidemiology; Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum;   Prevalence; Transmission},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}